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1 Jan 1967

Volume 10, Issue 1, pp. 3-34


TRAVELING WAVE EXCITATION OF HIGH POWER GAS LASERS

John D. Shipman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 3 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754794 (2 pages) | Cited 64 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Experiments are described in which nitrogen and neon lasers are excited by a wave of current excitation which effectively travels from one end of the laser to the other with its velocity matching that of the stimulated emission. This type of excitation is accomplished with a low‐impedance flat‐plate Blumlein pulse generator. The power output in the direction of the wave of excitation is at least ten times that in the other direction. A 2.5‐MW pulse of about 4‐nsec duration is obtained with nitrogen and a 190‐kW pulse of about 1.5 nsec with neon.

WAVE INTERACTIONS IN SATURABLE ABSORBERS

S. E. Schwarz and T. Y. Tan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 4 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754798 (4 pages) | Cited 42 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The interaction between waves in an idealized saturable absorber is discussed. It is shown that the presence of a strong wave will cause the line to appear to be ``hole‐burned'' when probed by a second wave, even though the broadening mechanisms are conventionally homogeneous. This effect would be expected to work against the tendency of dye‐switched ruby lasers to operate in a single mode. Related effects should play a role in optical pulse generators and in other devices using saturable absorbers.

SPIKING AND TIME BEHAVIOR OF A PULSED WATER‐VAPOR LASER

W. Q. Jeffers and P. D. Coleman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 7 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754799 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Experimental data is presented on the time behavior of a pulsed water‐vapor laser. Most of the far‐infrared emission lines from this laser showed quite rapid spiking. In addition, the lines showed significantly different time delays between the start of the current pulse excitation and the onset of laser oscillation.

ZINC‐OXIDE FILM MICROWAVE ACOUSTIC TRANSDUCERS

R. M. Malbon, D. J. Walsh, and D. K. Winslow

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 9 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754800 (2 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Thin‐film zinc‐oxide microwave acoustic transducers have been formed successfully by vacuum deposition techniques upon a cooled substrate (−50°C) by evaporation of zinc with an oxygen beam. The films are hexagonal preferentially oriented with c axis normal to the substrate. A device consisting of a ZnO film (1.9 μ) deposited on a metallic film on a sapphire delay line had a one‐way conversion loss of 6 dB at 1.6 GHz with a large bandwidth indicating that zinc‐oxide thin films deposited by this method make good ultrasonic transducers at frequencies above 1 GHz.

OBSERVATION OF THE CRITICAL MAGNETIC FIELD BY LIGHT INTENSITY FROM A POSITIVE COLUMN

Masumi Sato

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 11 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754784 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The light intensity of a positive column in a longitudinal magnetic field changes with the field and becomes minimum at the critical field when a helical oscillation appears in the positive column. As this change is very steep at the critical point, even when the longitudinal electric field does not clearly show the point, an observation of the light intensity of the positive column may be useful in detecting the critical field value.

DEPOSITION AND DIFFUSION OF DEUTERONS IN GOLD, NICKEL, AND COPPER

V. Heintze and D. Kamke

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 12 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754785 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The energy spectrum of the D(d, p)T protons shows that with gold foils a surface and an inner part of imbedded deuterons exist, whereas solid gold gives only an inner part, solid copper and nickel only surface parts.

CRYSTAL SYMMETRY, OPTICAL PROPERTIES, AND FERROELECTRIC POLARIZATION OF Bi4Ti3O12 SINGLE CRYSTALS

S. E. Cummins and L. E. Cross

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 14 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754786 (3 pages) | Cited 58 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Optical and electrical measurements on thin sections of Bi4Ti3O12 in orientations not previously measured have yielded the following results. The symmetry is monoclinic, point group m. The spontaneous polarization Ps is greater than 30 μC∕cm2 and lies in a direction tilted slightly from the major crystal surface. Switching, with fields perpendicular to the major crystal surface, occurs by a small ``rocking'' of this large Ps vector. The large component parallel to the major crystal surface can also be switched with high fields. Thus, there are four possible spontaneous polarization directions in the virgin crystal giving rise to complex domain structures.

MEASUREMENT OF PICOSECOND LASER PULSE WIDTHS

J. A. Armstrong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 16 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754787 (3 pages) | Cited 70 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The special symmetry properties of second‐harmonic generation at the surface of a GaAs crystal are used in a technique which measures the shape of the fast pulses from a mode‐locked Nd‐glass laser. The pulses studied were found to have a full width at half power of between 4 and 6 picoseconds. The technique is capable of measuring pulse widths at least as short as 4 × 10−13 sec.

DETECTION OF LIGHT NUCLEI WITH CELLULOSE NITRATE

W. D. Jones and R. V. Neidigh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 18 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754788 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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We have shown experimentally that light nuclei, including protons having energies as low as 55 keV, can produce etchable damage in cellulose nitrate. Comparison of our experimental results with theory indicates that the threshold for track registration is about 0.35 MeV per mg‐cm−2.

3‐D IMAGERY AND HOLOGRAMS OF OBJECTS ILLUMINATED IN WHITE LIGHT

R. V. Pole

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 20 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754789 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Described is a method of obtaining holograms of 3‐D objects illuminated in white light. First, a 3‐D scene, illuminated in white light, is photographed through a fly's eye lens. If this photograph is projected through the same lens it yields a real 3‐D image of the object directly. However, by using coherent light for projection, this real image can be used to make a hologram, which in turn yields both a real and a virtual image of the object.

NON‐OHMIC CURRENT TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN HIGH‐RESISTIVITY GaAs

J. A. Seitchik and B. F. Stein

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 22 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754790 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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We have observed non‐ohmic conductivity in n‐type semi‐insulating GaAs. It has been accompanied by negative photoconductivity and giant magnetoresistance. Potential probe measurements show that the electric field increases from cathode to anode which indicates that electrons are injected at the cathode. Double injection is improbable on the basis of hole lifetimes and the absence of negative resistance regions. The threshold field for non‐ohmic behavior is weakly dependent on sample length. This implies either that the trapping parameters are strongly influenced by the electric field or that there is appreciable impact ionization of trapped, injected charge.

PRESSURE‐ AND CURRENT‐DEPENDENT SHIFTS IN THE CENTER FREQUENCY OF THE DOPPLER‐BROADENED (2p4 → 3s2) 6328‐Å 20Ne TRANSITION

A. D. White

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 24 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754791 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Measurements have been made of the shift in center frequency of the (2p4 — 3s2) 6328‐Å 20Ne transition in a Zee‐man discharge cell as a function of discharge current and gas filling. Such measurements are important for comparing the reproducibility and long‐term stability of laser stabilization systems which use the laser itself as a reference with those systems using an external discharge cell as a reference.

DIELECTRIC RELAXATION EFFECTS IN A METAL‐OXIDE‐PLASMA CAPACITOR

Robert A. Olson and G. Medicus

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 27 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754792 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Measurements of k*Cg, the complex dielectric constant k* times the geometrical capacity Cg, of a metal‐oxide‐plasma capacitor have shown that k* exhibits dispersion in the audio frequency range. A series of dielectric relaxation spectra has been obtained for Al2O3 layers (anodized) by varying the plasma density. The dependence of the spectra on plasma density and oxide thickness is indicative of Maxwell‐Wagner behavior. A Cole‐Cole representation of the data shows a broadening of the dispersion toward low frequency with a secondary dispersion process appearing at low frequency. The main dispersion can be described by an empirical dispersion formula which represents an asymmetrical distribution of relaxation processes. The secondary dispersion may result from a very low frequency dispersion of the admittance components of the plasma sheath or from charge migration in the oxide.

EFFECT OF FILM RESISTANCE ON LOW‐IMPEDANCE TUNNELING MEASUREMENTS

R. J. Pedersen and F. L. Vernon

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 29 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754793 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Measurements of low‐impedance thin‐film tunneling junctions at room temperature frequently yield inaccurate values for the tunneling resistance. In some cases the indicated resistance is negative. A theory is developed which shows that the finite resistance of the metal films can account for the observations. Results, given for the resistance of a tunneling junction as a function of temperature, show good agreement between theory and experiment.

EFFECT OF ILLUMINATION TIME ON THERMALLY STIMULATED CURRENTS IN SEMI‐INSULATING GaAs

R. W. Haisty

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 31 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754795 (4 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Complex changes in the distribution of thermally stimulated current peaks with illumination time and intensity are reported for a sample of semi‐insulating GaAs. With weak illumination for 5 sec, at least six peaks were seen, while after a 1‐min illumination only four peaks were evident. With stronger illumination, the thermally stimulated current essentially consisted of two major peaks, at about 115°K and 278°K. The 115° peak first increased with illumination time, passed through a maximum, and was quite small after a 12‐hr illumination, while the 278° peak became very large.
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Erratum: The Effect of Absorber Concentration on a Pulsed Laser System

C. Y. She and Ang‐Tiek Tan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 34 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754796 (1 page) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Erratum: Evidence of Distant‐Pair Recombination Processes in the Green‐Edge Emission of CdS at 4.2° and 77°K

George A. Condas and Jick H. Yee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 34 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754797 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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