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15 May 1967

Volume 10, Issue 10, pp. 261-300


TUNNELING INTO INTERFACE STATES OF MOS STRUCTURES

Walter E. Dahlke

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 261 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754801 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Measurements of the dc conductance of Si‐SiO2☒(Cr+Au) devices using P++‐type Si and thin oxide layers (<50 Å) show one to two orders of magnitude increase of dc conductance of tunneling into the forbidden semiconductor band by changing from dry oxygen grown to steam grown and to annealed steam‐grown oxide layers. The effect is explained by a corresponding increase of interface state density well known for thicker oxide layers (≈ 1000 Å).

RESIDUAL STRESSES AT AN OXIDE‐SILICON INTERFACE

M. V. Whelan, A. H. Goemans, and L. M. C. Goossens

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 262 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754802 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Residual stresses occurring at an oxide‐silicon interface are studied by measuring the bending of an oxidized silicon slice which results when the oxide is removed from one face.
The stresses are independent of the orientation of the silicon surface, and over a wide range of the doping level of the silicon. Stresses increase with the speed at which the samples are cooled after the oxidation: An oxide grown in dry O2 causes larger stresses than one grown in wet O2. The stresses measured do not appear to be capable of causing considerable numbers of interface states.

TWO‐PHOTON ABSORPTION IN ZnS

E. Panizza

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 265 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754803 (2 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The two‐photon absorption spectrum of ZnS at RT and LNT is presented. The magnitude of the nonlinear absorption cross section is discussed with respect to pumping by means of two‐photon absorption and with respect to second‐harmonic attenuation in ZnS.

CONTINUOUSLY TUNABLE, NARROW‐BAND ORGANIC DYE LASERS

B. H. Soffer and B. B. McFarland

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 266 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754804 (2 pages) | Cited 111 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Efficient spectral narrowing, and tunability over a wide spectral range, has been demonstrated in solid and liquid organic dye lasers using diffraction gratings as cavity reflectors.

PERFORMANCE OF Ge(Li) DETECTORS IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE 5.0 TO 170°K

E. Sakai and H. L. Malm

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 268 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754805 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The properties of three Ge(Li) detectors as γ‐ray spectrometers were measured over the temperature range 5.0 to 170°K. These detectors, selected to show a range of charge‐trapping effects, all exhibited predominantly electron trapping, and optimum resolution occurred between 20 and 30°K where electron‐trapping effects were a minimum. As the temperature was reduced it was possible to increase the operating voltage, giving some improvement in resolution. Below 20°K the γ‐ray resolution rapidly deteriorated due to the appearance of a slow‐rising component (up to 20 μsec) in the preamplifier pulses.

POLARIZATION FILTERING IN HOLOGRAPHY

C. L. Rudder

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 270 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754806 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The effect of specular reflections on the construction of a hologram is examined by polarization filtering. Filtering is accomplished by orienting the plane of polarization of the reference wave perpendicular to that of the incident object beam. It is found that the resolution and tonal range of the reconstructed image are enhanced.

NONLINEAR COUPLING BETWEEN ANTIFERROMAGNETIC RESONANCE MODES IN RbMnF3

P. H. Cole

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 272 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754807 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Nonlinear coupling between antiferromagnetic resonance modes spaced in frequency an octave apart has been shown to occur under suitable conditions in RbMnF3. Calculations of the power‐dependent conversion relation for up conversion, and the critical power for subharmonic oscillation, are given. Preliminary measurements of the strength of the second‐harmonic power produced are in general agreement with the theory, but the shape of the output pulses suggests some spin‐wave excitation is taking place.

MULTIPLE‐PATH LIGHT BEAM DEFLECTOR

T. C. Lee, J. D. Zook, and J. D. Heaps

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 275 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754808 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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A new method of analog light beam deflection, employing the principle of multiple passage of plane waves through an electro‐optic prism is described. Design of the system bears resemblance to the design of a double‐pass monochromator. The number of passages depends on such parameters as the focal length, beam width, maximum deflection angle per round trip, and total lens field. A preliminary version of the deflector using a KDP prism and a Questar telescope is discussed.

IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION FROM SAMPLED ACOUSTICAL HOLOGRAMS

A. F. Metherell, H. M. A. El‐Sum, J. J. Dreher, and L. Larmore

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 277 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754809 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The wavefront reconstruction technique has been used to reconstruct an optical image from a sampled hologram. The hologram was made using sound waves at 21 kHz instead of light. This was done by sampling the acoustic field with an ordinary microphone which was used to raster scan a plane.

MICROWAVE EMISSION FROM MAGNETIC‐FIELD‐FREE ELECTRON‐HOLE PLASMAS

Betsy Ancker‐Johnson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 279 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754810 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Emission is observed only under special plasma conductance conditions. These have been obtained by applying voltages in the form of decreasing steps. Some plasma produced during the initial step remains to produce a higher plasma density during subsequent steps than can be obtained at those lower voltages if they are applied during the initial step. By this means a variety of usually unobtainable conductance conditons have been produced and an approximate threshold curve for the emission has been obtained in terms of current and field strength.

VOLUME EXCITATION OF AN ULTRATHIN CONTINUOUS‐WAVE CdSe LASER AT 6900 Å OUTPUT

M. R. Johnson, N. Holonyak, M. D. Sirkis, and E. D. Boose

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 281 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754811 (2 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Continuous (CW) operation (at T > 77°K) of an ultrathin CdSe platelet laser which is optically excited by a He☒Ne laser is described. The pump power required is less than 50 mW and the laser output is at ∼6900 Å.

POLYMORPHISM IN SOME IV‐VI COMPOUNDS INDUCED BY HIGH PRESSURE AND THIN‐FILM EPITAXIAL GROWTH

A. N. Mariano and K. L. Chopra

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 282 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754812 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The NaCl structures PbS, PbSe, PbTe and SnTe have been found to transform to a Pnma orthorhombic (distorted NaCl) structure under high pressures. Epitaxial growth on rock salt of thin films of normally orthorhombic (Pnma) SnS, SnSe and PbSnS2 induces NaCl structures. There exists a close correlation between the lattice constants of the corresponding NaCl and the orthorhombic polymorphic structures of the Pb and Sn compounds.

THERMAL EVIDENCE OF A GLASS TRANSITION IN GOLD‐SILICON‐GERMANIUM ALLOY

H. S. Chen and D. Turnbull

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 284 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754813 (3 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The specific heat of a ``splat''‐formed amorphous alloy of gold‐silicon‐germanium exhibits a very steep rise with increasing temperature near 295°K to a peak and then begins to fall before crystallization occurs. These last Cp values fall on a reasonable extrapolation of the high temperature Cp‐T relation found for the liquid alloy. These results are attributed to a glass → liquid transition in this metal system.

MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH AND DAMPING RATE OF RESISTIVE INSTABILITY IN GASEOUS PLASMA

Susumu Saito and Yoshisuke Hatta

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 287 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754814 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Time rates of growing and damping of resistive instability in gaseous plasma in crossed fields are measured. The discharge tube used is a coaxial cylindrical type with a grid. By means of an external excitation of damping waves or an observation of the transient of self‐excitation of waves by an abrupt change of the magnetic field strength, the damping or the growth rates can be determined. The results thus obtained agree with those indicated theoretically.

CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION OF EPITAXIAL YIG ON YAG AND EPITAXIAL GdIG ON YAG

J. E. Mee, J. L. Archer, R. H. Meade, and T. N. Hamilton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 289 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754815 (3 pages) | Cited 31 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Conditions are given for the epitaxial growth of YIG on YAG and GdIG on YAG. The films are identified and characterized by x‐ray, electron diffraction, electron microprobe, and magneto‐optic studies.

SPACE‐CHARGE‐LIMITED IONIC CURRENTS IN SILICON DIOXIDE FILMS

S. R. Hofstein

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 291 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754816 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Ion transport in the oxide film of a metal‐oxide‐silicon (MOS) structure is examined. Space‐charge‐limited ionic current transients are observed, including the well known Many‐Mark‐Helfrich ``cusp.'' It is shown that precautions must be taken to ensure that interface trapping of the ions does not dominate and suppress the SCL currents.

DIFFRACTION OF NEUTRONS AND X RAYS BY A VIBRATING QUARTZ CRYSTAL

A. G. Klein, P. Prager, H. Wagenfeld, P. J. Ellis, and T. M. Sabine

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 293 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754817 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Experiments on the diffraction of neutrons and x rays by a piezoelectrically vibrating quartz crystal have shown the following phenomena: large increases of the diffracted intensity relative to the nonvibrating crystal, modulation of the diffracted beam and the appearance of forbidden reflections. Preliminary measurements and a qualitative explanation are reported.

MEASUREMENT OF ACOUSTIC SURFACE WAVE PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS BY REFLECTED LIGHT

A. Korpel, L. J. Laub, and H. C. Sievering

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 295 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754818 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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This Letter reports on a novel method of recording acoustic surface wave patterns by reflected light. In this method the surface perturbations due to the sound wave act as a moving reflection grating, causing the reflected light to exhibit a phase corrugation which is a replica of the sound wave and moves in synchronism with it. At a certain distance from the grating this phase corrugation changes into a corresponding amplitude corrugation. A fixed grating located at this point, followed by a photomultiplier, serves to extract an electrical signal at the original sound frequency. This signal of which the amplitude is proportional to the surface perturbation is fed to an X‐Y recorder. By slowly moving the substrate on which the surface wave travels, a recording is made of the surface wave pattern in any desired cross section. Examples are given of 8 MHz standing and traveling surface wave patterns on a ferroelectric ceramic substrate.

INTERACTION OF CONDUCTION AND INDUCED CURRENTS IN Nb3Zr WIRES SUBJECTED TO AXIAL FIELDS

B. C. Belanger and M. A. R. LeBlanc

Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 298 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754819 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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A residual magnetization induced in Nb3Zr wires by axial fields appreciably enhances Ic. Further, the presence of a conduction current as an axial field Hz is removed not only leads to considerably increased residual moments but also enables the wire to support currents at H = 0 much larger than is possible in the virgin state.
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