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5 Mar 2012

Volume 100, Issue 10, Articles (10xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 101903 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3673327 (3 pages)

Michael Ian Lapsley, Anaram Shahravan, Qingzhen Hao, Bala Krishna Juluri, Stephen Giardinelli, Mengqian Lu, Yanhui Zhao, I-Kao Chiang, Themis Matsoukas, and Tony Jun Huang
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Direct piezoelectric properties of (100) and (111) BiFeO3 epitaxial thin films

K. Ujimoto, T. Yoshimura, A. Ashida, and N. Fujimura

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 102901 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3692579 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 6 March 2012

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The direct piezoelectric properties of BiFeO3 epitaxial thin films with different crystal orientation were investigated. Epitaxial films of (100) and (111) rhombohedral BiFeO3 fabricated using pulsed laser deposition showed rectangular hysteresis loops with remanent polarizations of 54 and 83 μC/cm2, respectively. Effective transverse piezoelectric coefficients (e31,f) of −3.5 and −1.3 C/m2 were obtained, for (100) and (111) films, respectively. Results suggest that the strong direct piezoelectric response of the (100) rhombohedral film results from the effects of the engineered-domain configuration.
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77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants
77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
81.15.Fg Pulsed laser ablation deposition
68.55.aj Insulators
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc.

Nano-structure formation of an oxide ceramics with unprecedented magnetization by supercooling

Shinichi Yoda, Jianding Yu, and Malahalli Vijaya Kumar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 102902 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3687682 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 7 March 2012

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We report a unique microstructure and a specific magnetization behavior resulting from containerless solidification of a deeply super-cooled BiFeO3 sample under microgravity conditions. The microstructure of the solidified material revealed a mixed structure consisting of 10 nm-size crystalline particles and amorphous matrix. More importantly, the nano-structural material exhibited a magnetization phenomenon which has never observed so far: a reversal in the magnetization jump direction occurred at 50 K when the sample temperature was increased from 5 K to 100 K.
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75.75.Jn Dynamics of magnetic nanoparticles
75.75.Cd Fabrication of magnetic nanostructures
75.50.Kj Amorphous and quasicrystalline magnetic materials
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
81.10.Mx Growth in microgravity environments
75.60.Jk Magnetization reversal mechanisms

Multiferroic PbZrxTi1−xO3/Fe3O4 epitaxial sub-micron sized structures

Ionela Vrejoiu, Daniele Preziosi, Alessio Morelli, and Eckhard Pippel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 102903 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3692583 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 7 March 2012

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Large range well ordered epitaxial ferrimagnetic nominally Fe3O4 structures were fabricated by pulsed-laser deposition and embedded in ferroelectric PbZrxTi1−xO3 (x = 0.2, 0.52) epitaxial films. Magnetite dots were investigated by magnetic force microscopy and exhibited magnetic domain contrast at room temperature (RT). Embedding ferroelectric PbZrxTi1−xO3 layers exhibit remnant polarization values close to the values of single epitaxial layers. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the epitaxial growth of the composites and the formation of the ferrimagnetic and ferroelectric phases. Physical and structural properties of these composites recommend them for investigations of stress mediated magneto-electric coupling at room temperature.
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77.55.Nv Multiferroic/magnetoelectric films
75.85.+t Magnetoelectric effects, multiferroics
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics
75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Correlation between growth dynamics and dielectric properties of epitaxial BaTiO3 films

G. Radaelli, S. Brivio, I. Fina, and R. Bertacco

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 102904 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3692732 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 7 March 2012

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We report on the effect of the substrate temperature on the growth dynamics and dielectric properties of BaTiO3 epitaxial films on Nb:SrTiO3 (001) substrates. By real-time reflection high energy electron diffraction analysis, we quantitatively estimated the adatoms surface diffusivity as a function of temperature. The increase of the substrate temperature promotes surface diffusion, which reflects in the improvement of BaTiO3 ferroelectric properties up to 680 °C. Above this temperature, Ba re-evaporation occurs, leading to a rapid deterioration of the dielectric and ferroelectric properties. This work shed light on thermally activated physical mechanisms which determine the ferroelectric properties of BaTiO3 films.
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77.55.fe BaTiO3-based films
77.55.Px Epitaxial and superlattice films
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
68.55.aj Insulators

Multiferroicity in 0.7Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3-0.3Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramics

Jie Su, Xiaomei Lu, Yaoyang Liu, Junting Zhang, Guorong Li, Xuezheng Ruan, Fengzhen Huang, Jun Du, and Jinsong Zhu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 102905 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3693145 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 9 March 2012

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0.7Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3-0.3Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 (abbreviated as PZT-PNN) ceramics were prepared using the solid-state reaction method. The results reveal that ferroelectric and anti-ferromagnetic orderings coexist (multiferroicity) in PZT-PNN ceramics. Furthermore, the abnormal behavior of dielectric constant and loss observed at Néel temperature gives an evidence of the coupling between the ferroelectric and anti-ferromagnetic orderings (magnetoelectric coupling). The ferroelectric loops become slimmer with increasing temperature and the remnant polarization persists up to above the temperature of dielectric maximum (Tm), indicates a lead-induced ferroelectric behavior.
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75.85.+t Magnetoelectric effects, multiferroics
75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
77.80.Jk Relaxor ferroelectrics

Band alignment of TiN/HfO2 interface of TiN/HfO2/SiO2/Si stack

Xiaolei Wang, Kai Han, Wenwu Wang, Hong Yang, Jing Zhang, Xueli Ma, Jinjuan Xiang, Dapeng Chen, and Tianchun Ye

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 102906 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3693188 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 9 March 2012

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Band alignment of TiN/HfO2 interface of TiN/HfO2/SiO2/Si stack is investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The p-type Schottky barrier height (p-SBH) is found to increase with thicker HfO2 thickness. Since considering only the metal/dielectric interface cannot explain this phenomenon, band alignment of TiN/HfO2 interface of TiN/HfO2/SiO2/Si stack is demonstrated based on band alignment of entire gate stack. Dependence of p-SBH on HfO2 thickness is interpreted and contributed to fixed charges in gate stack, interfacial gap state charges at HfO2/SiO2 interface, and space charges in Si substrate. Electrical measurements of capacitor structures further support XPS results and corresponding explanation.
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85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling
85.30.Tv Field effect devices
84.32.Tt Capacitors

Equivalence of direct and converse magnetoelectric coefficients in strain-coupled two-phase systems

Jing Lou, Gerry N. Pellegrini, Ming Liu, Neil D. Mathur, and Nian X. Sun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 102907 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3693375 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 March 2012

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We demonstrate an equivalence between direct and converse magnetoelectric effects in two-phase systems comprising piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials. This was achieved by recasting the Maxwell relation in terms of the effective electrical and magnetic dipole moments for the system and comparing coupling strengths at the same electrical and magnetic d.c. biases. Our findings therefore apply to magnetoelectric systems comprising more than two phases and correct the two widely held but opposing views that are compromised by incorrect parameterization or inconsistent bias conditions.
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75.85.+t Magnetoelectric effects, multiferroics
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities

Origin of the dielectric response in Ba0.767Ca0.233TiO3

Takao Shimizu, Desheng Fu, Hiroki Taniguchi, Tomoyasu Taniyama, and Mitsuru Itoh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 102908 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3693524 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 9 March 2012

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We perform a Raman scattering study to elucidate the mechanism of temperature independent dielectric response of Ba0.767Ca0.233TiO3 (BCTO-0.233) from a viewpoint of phonon dynamics. BCTO-0.233 remains tetragonal below Tc down to 3.5 K. Over-damped soft phonon observed in a pure BaTiO3 is found to become underdamped in BCTO-0.233, suggesting that local dipoles induced by Ca2+ off-centering suppress the hopping of Ti ions to reduce damping of the soft-mode. The temperature dependence of the soft-mode frequency agrees qualitatively with the dielectric permittivity through Lyddane-Sachs-Teller relationship, indicating that the dielectric response of BCTO-0.233 is governed by the soft-mode.
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77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
63.20.D- Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
77.80.B- Phase transitions and Curie point
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