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9 Apr 2012

Volume 100, Issue 15, Articles (15xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 153701 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3700446 (3 pages)

Hsiao-lu D. Lee, Steffen J. Sahl, Matthew D. Lew, and W. E. Moerner
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Single atom identification by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy

T. C. Lovejoy, Q. M. Ramasse, M. Falke, A. Kaeppel, R. Terborg, R. Zan, N. Dellby, and O. L. Krivanek

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 154101 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3701598 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 9 April 2012

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Using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, single, isolated impurity atoms of silicon and platinum in monolayer and multilayer graphene are identified. Simultaneously acquired electron energy loss spectra confirm the elemental identification. Contamination difficulties are overcome by employing near-UHV sample conditions. Signal intensities agree within a factor of two with standardless estimates.
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82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
61.72.up Other materials
61.48.Gh Structure of graphene
79.20.Uv Electron energy loss spectroscopy

Low power sessile droplets actuation via modulated surface acoustic waves

Michael Baudoin, Philippe Brunet, Olivier Bou Matar, and Etienne Herth

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 154102 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3701725 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 April 2012

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Low power actuation of sessile droplets is of primary interest for portable or hybrid lab-on-a-chip and harmless manipulation of biofluids. In this paper, we show that the acoustic power required to move or deform droplets via surface acoustic waves can be substantially reduced through the forcing of the drops inertio-capillary modes of vibrations. Indeed, harmonic, superharmonic, and subharmonic (parametric) excitation of these modes are observed when the high frequency acoustic signal (19.5 MHz) is modulated around Rayleigh-Lamb inertio-capillary frequencies. This resonant behavior results in larger oscillations and quicker motion of the drops than in the non-modulated case.
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62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids

Experimental study of multichromatic terahertz wave propagation through planar micro-channels

Young-Min Shin, Anisullah Baig, Robert Barchfeld, Diana Gamzina, Larry R. Barnett, and Neville C. Luhmann, Jr.

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 154103 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3698362 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 10 April 2012

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Previous theoretical and numerical studies [Y. M. Shin and L. R. Barnett, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 091501 (2008) and Y. M. Shin et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 221504 (2008)] have reported that a planar micro-channel with an asymmetric corrugation array supports strongly confined propagation of broadband THz plasmonic waves. The highly broad spectral response is experimentally demonstrated in the near-THz regime of 0.19–0.265 THz. Signal reflection and transmission tests on the three designed micro-channels including directional couplers resulted in a full-width-half-maximum bandwidth of ∼50-60 GHz with an insertion loss of approximately −5 dB, which is in good agreement with simulation data. These micro-structures can be utilized for free electron beam and electronic/optic integrated devices.
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41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology

Pico calorimeter for detection of heat produced in an individual brown fat cell

Naoki Inomata, Masaya Toda, Masaaki Sato, Akihiko Ishijima, and Takahito Ono

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 154104 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3701720 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 10 April 2012

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A pico calorimeter with a highly sensitive sensor for detecting heat from a biological cell is developed and evaluated, and also the heat detection of a single brown fat cell has been demonstrated. The measurement principle relies on resonant frequency tracking of a resonator in temperature variation due to the heat from the sample; the resonator is placed in vacuum, and heat is conducted from the sample in the microfluidic channel via a heat guide. This configuration can prevent heat loss from the resonator to the surroundings and damping in water. The heat resolution of the fabricated sensor is 5.2 pJ. Heat emissions from single cells are detected as pulsed or continuous in the absence and presence of stimulation, respectively.
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87.19.Pp Biothermics and thermal processes in biology
87.85.Ox Biomedical instrumentation and transducers, including micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
07.20.Fw Calorimeters
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
87.17.-d Cell processes

Handheld magnetic sensor for measurement of tension

K. Singal and R. Rajamani

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 154105 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3701282 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 12 April 2012

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This letter develops an analytical formulation for measurement of tension in a string using a handheld sensor. By gently pushing the sensor against the string, the tension in the string can be obtained. An experimental sensor prototype is constructed to verify the analytical formulation. The centimeter-sized prototype utilizes three moving pistons and magnetic field based measurements of their positions. Experimental data show that the sensor can accurately measure tension on a bench top rig. The developed sensor could be useful in a variety of orthopedic surgical procedures, including knee replacement, hip replacement, ligament repair, shoulder stabilization, and tendon repair.
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87.85.Ox Biomedical instrumentation and transducers, including micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
87.63.-d Non-ionizing radiation equipment and techniques

Forced generation of simple and double emulsions in all-aqueous systems

Alban Sauret and Ho Cheung Shum (岑浩璋)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 154106 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3702434 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 13 April 2012

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We report an easy-to-implement method that allows the direct generation of water-in-water (w/w) single emulsions. The method relies on direct perturbation of the pressure that drives the flow of the dispersed phase of the emulsions. The resultant inner jet is induced to break up into droplets due to the growth of the perturbation through Rayleigh-Plateau instability [L. Rayleigh, Proc. R. Soc. London 29, 71–97 (1879)]; this leads to the formation of monodisperse droplets. By implementing this method on a modified microfluidic device, we directly generate water-in-water-in-water (w/w/w) double emulsions with good control over the size and the number of encapsulated droplets. Our approach suggests a route to apply droplet-based microfluidics to completely water-based systems.
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82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
47.60.Kz Flows and jets through nozzles
47.55.D- Drops and bubbles
47.61.Jd Multiphase flows

Hydrodynamic loading and viscous damping of patterned perforations on microfabricated resonant structures

Kidong Park, Jiwook Shim, Vita Solovyeva, Elise Corbin, Shouvik Banerjee, and Rashid Bashir

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 154107 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4704144 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 13 April 2012

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We examined the hydrodynamic loading of vertically resonating microfabricated plates immersed in liquids with different viscosities. The planar structures were patterned with focused ion beam, perforating various shapes with identical area but varying perimeters. The hydrodynamic loading of various geometries was characterized from resonant frequency and quality factor. In water, the damping increased linearly with the perimeter at 45.4 × 10−3 Ns/m2, until the perforation’s radius was 123% ± 13% of the depth of penetration of fluid’s oscillation. The added mass effect decreased with perforations and recovered to the level of un-perforated structures when the perforation’s radius became smaller than the depth of penetration.
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07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
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