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11 Jun 2012

Volume 100, Issue 24, Articles (24xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 241101 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4724309 (3 pages)

Miriam S. Vitiello, Leonardo Viti, Lorenzo Romeo, Daniele Ercolani, G. Scalari, J. Faist, F. Beltram, L. Sorba, and A. Tredicucci
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In situ cycling and mechanical testing of silicon nanowire anodes for lithium-ion battery applications

Steven T. Boles, Andreas Sedlmayr, Oliver Kraft, and Reiner Mönig

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 243901 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729145 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 11 June 2012

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In this work, we investigate the mechanical properties of silicon nanowires, which have been subjected to in situ electrochemical alloying and de-alloying with lithium inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Following de-alloying, in situ tensile testing of wires was performed inside a SEM using a microelectromechanical force sensor and a piezo-driven actuator. Compared to pristine silicon nanowires, the de-alloyed wires show a significant decrease in both their elastic modulus as well as in their ultimate tensile strength with indications that the newly formed amorphous silicon layer changes the mechanical properties of the wire.
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82.45.Fk Electrodes
82.47.Aa Lithium-ion batteries
62.20.de Elastic moduli
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
81.07.Gf Nanowires
81.05.Gc Amorphous semiconductors
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep

Improvement of both efficiency and working lifetime in organic photovoltaic devices by using bathophenanthroline/tin(IV) phthalocyanine dichloride as bilayer exciton blocking layers

Taojun Zhuang, Zisheng Su, Yadong Liu, Bei Chu, Wenlian Li, Junbo Wang, Fangming Jin, Xingwu Yan, Bo Zhao, Feng Zhang, and Di Fan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 243902 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729146 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 11 June 2012

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We demonstrate that the improvement of both efficiency and lifetime of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices by employing thinner bathophenanthroline (Bphen) and thicker tin(IV) phthalocyanine dichloride (SnCl2Pc) as the bilayer exciton blocking layers (EBLs), where Bphen and SnCl2Pc acts as the photogenerated exciton blocking layer and optical spacer, respectively. The thicker SnCl2Pc layer can be adopted due to its high electron mobility and aligned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital with the acceptor. The OPV device with such a bilayer EBL leads to an increase by 27% in power conversion efficiency compared to the device with a traditional bathocuproine EBL. Moreover, the lifetime is also improved due to the superior oxygen and moisture diffusion blocking effect of the thick SnCl2Pc layer. The operation mechanism for the improvement in PCE and lifetime was also discussed.
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85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices
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Combined plasmonic and dielectric rear reflectors for enhanced photocurrent in solar cells

A. Basch, F. J. Beck, T. Söderström, S. Varlamov, and K. R. Catchpole

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 243903 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729290 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 13 June 2012

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A doubling of the photocurrent due to light trapping is demonstrated by the combination of silver nanoparticles with a highly reflective back scatterer fabricated by Snow Globe Coating on the rear of a 2 μm polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cell. The binder free high refractive index titania particles can overcome light losses due to transmission. Modelling indicates that adding plasmonic nanoparticles to the back scatterer widens the angular distribution of scattered light such that over 80% of long wavelength light is scattered outside the Si/air loss cone and trapped in the cell, compared to 30% for the titania alone.
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88.40.jj Silicon solar cells

Enhanced CO2 reduction capability in an AlGaN/GaN photoelectrode

Satoshi Yotsuhashi, Masahiro Deguchi, Hiroshi Hashiba, Yuji Zenitani, Reiko Hinogami, Yuka Yamada, and Kazuhiro Ohkawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 243904 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729298 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 14 June 2012

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Light illumination of a gallium nitride photoelectrode creates separate electron-hole pairs that drive water oxidation and CO2 reduction reactions. Here, we show enhanced photocurrent in an AlGaN/GaN device that consists of an unintentionally doped (uid-) AlGaN photoabsorption layer and an n+-GaN electrical-conduction layer. The production rate of formic acid by CO2 conversion in the uid-AlGaN/n+-GaN photoelectrode is about double that in the uid-GaN/n+-GaN device. This improvement is most likely due to the effect of internal bias in the uid-AlGaN layer generated by the polarization effect, which improves electron-hole separation.
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85.30.-z Semiconductor devices

Lithiation of silica through partial reduction

Chunmei Ban, Branden B. Kappes, Qiang Xu, Chaiwat Engtrakul, Cristian V. Ciobanu, Anne C. Dillon, and Yufeng Zhao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 243905 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729743 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 15 June 2012

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We demonstrate the reversible lithiation of SiO2 up to 2/3 Li per Si, and propose a mechanism for it based on molecular dynamics and density functional theory simulations. Our calculations show that neither interstitial Li (no reduction), nor the formation of Li2O clusters and Si–Si bonds (full reduction) are energetically favorable. Rather, two Li effectively break a Si–O bond and become stabilized by oxygen, thus partially reducing the SiO2 anode: this leads to increased anode capacity when the reduction occurs at the Si/SiO2 interface. The resulting LixSiO2 (x<2/3) compounds have band-gaps in the range of 2.0–3.4 eV.
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82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms
82.45.Fk Electrodes
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections
71.15.Pd Molecular dynamics calculations (Car-Parrinello) and other numerical simulations
71.20.Ps Other inorganic compounds

Microscopic energy conversion process in the ion drift region of electrohydrodynamic flow

Chul Kim, Kwang-Chul Noh, Junho Hyun, Sang-Gu Lee, Jungho Hwang, and Hiki Hong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 243906 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4729443 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 15 June 2012

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We theoretically investigated the momentum transfer and energy conversion process of ion-neutral and ensuing neutral-neutral collisions in the ion drift region of electrohydrodynamic flow. Our results are presented in explicit equations with physical interpretations of the phenomena. The unit conversion process was estimated to sustain for 1.0 nano-second in a very tiny 0.5-μm-sized volume in the air. Also, the continuum-based equation formulations are presented according to the microscopic energy conversion phenomena. Numerical simulations reflecting those formulations are performed to verify the theoretical results and experimentally supported by an air corona discharge.
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52.80.Hc Glow; corona
02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations
52.20.Hv Atomic, molecular, ion, and heavy-particle collisions
52.25.Fi Transport properties
52.65.-y Plasma simulation
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