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6 Feb 2012

Volume 100, Issue 6, Articles (06xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 061101 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3665180 (3 pages)

I. E. Khodasevych, C. M. Shah, S. Sriram, M. Bhaskaran, W. Withayachumnankul, B. S. Y. Ung, H. Lin, W. S. T. Rowe, D. Abbott, and A. Mitchell
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Nucleobase adsorbed at graphene devices: Enhance bio-sensorics

Bo Song, Gianaurelio Cuniberti, Stefano Sanvito, and Haiping Fang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063101 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3681579 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 6 February 2012

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Graphene as a good material for sensing single small molecules is hardly believed to identify bio-molecules via electrical currents. This is because bio-molecules tend to bind to graphene through non-covalent bonds, such as π-π stacking interaction, which is not customarily considered to induce a clear perturbation of the graphene electronic structure. In contrast to these expectations, we demonstrate that oxygen in nucleobases adsorbed on graphene with π-π stacking interaction can clearly alter the electric current even in water at room temperature. This property allows us to devise the strategies employing graphene as material of choice in bio-sensorics, bio-chips.
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87.85.fk Biosensors
68.43.Mn Adsorption kinetics

Entropy change linked to the magnetic field induced Morin transition in Hematite nanoparticles

J. M. Pastor, J. I. Pérez-Landazábal, C. Gómez-Polo, V. Recarte, S. Larumbe, R. Santamarta, M. Fernandes Silva, E. A. Gómez Pineda, A. A. Winkler Hechenleitner, and M. K. Lima

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063102 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3682084 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 6 February 2012

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The most stable form of iron oxide is Hematite (α-Fe2O3), which has interesting electronic, catalytic, and magnetic properties showing size dependent characteristics. At room temperature, Hematite is weakly ferromagnetic with a rhombohedral corundum structure. Upon cooling, the structure undergoes a first order spin reorientation, in which the net magnetic moment is lost. This transition is called the Morin transition. In this work, the first order Morin transition has been analyzed as a function of the temperature and applied magnetic field in Hematite nanoparticles. The magnetization was measured in the temperature range of the transformation at different applied magnetic fields to evaluate the entropy change linked to the Morin transition. The magnetic field promotes a shift of the transformation temperature. The change of entropy has been estimated on the basis of Clausius-Clapeyron type equation.
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75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects
75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials
75.50.Tt Fine-particle systems; nanocrystalline materials
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures

Self-aligned lateral dual-gate suspended-body single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors

Ji Cao and Adrian M. Ionescu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063103 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3682085 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 February 2012

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Self-aligned lateral dual-gate suspended-body single-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (CNFETs) have been demonstrated. A nano-precision assembly method using resist-assisted ac-dielectrophoresis is applied. Superior I-V characteristics controlled by two independent lateral gates spaced sub-100 nm away from the CNT body are experimentally observed and studied. The dual-gate operation mode effectively boosts the device performance: 34% smaller subthreshold slope, three times larger on-current, and four times higher transconductance. The proposed dual-gate suspended-body CNFETs hold promise for bottom-up fabrication of advanced complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor circuits and nano-electro-mechanical systems devices, such as tunable/switchable resonators for sensing and radio-frequency applications.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems

Manganese dioxide modified silicon nanowires and their excellent catalysis in the decomposition of methylene blue

Weiwei Gao, Mingwang Shao, Li Yang, Shujuan Zhuo, Shiyong Ye, and Shuit-tong Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063104 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3682486 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 February 2012

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A redox between hydrofluoric acid and ammonium fluoride-treated silicon nanowires and potassium permanganate solution was investigated. The results showed that MnO2 nanoparticles might grow on the surface of silicon nanowires, which was confirmed with the transmission electron microscope. These MnO2 modified silicon nanowires were employed as catalysts in the decomposition of methylene blue using sodium borohydride as the reducing agent, which exhibited excellent catalysis with its reaction rate 6 times larger than the unsupported MnO2.
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81.07.Gf Nanowires
82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and fragmentation)
81.05.Cy Elemental semiconductors
82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Thermal and structural dependence of the band gap of quantum dots measured by a transparent film heater

Ju Yeon Woo, Suraj Kumar Tripathy, Kyungnam Kim, and Chang-Soo Han

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063105 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3682515 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 6 February 2012

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We report the temperature dependence of the optical absorption and emission spectra of quantum dots (QDs) for three different nanocrystal (NC) structures (CdSe core, CdSe/CdS core/shell, and CdSe/CdS/ZnS core/multishell) in the solid film state. For this, a transparent single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) film attached to a QD thin layer was tested as a heater. The temperature dependence of spectral shifts in both absorption and emission of QDs was measured in the range 300–450 K, and the Stokes shift was calculated by measuring the energy difference between the absorption and emission peaks. We found that the Stokes shift decreased as QD shells were added and the temperature was increased, indicating a weaker electron–phonon coupling in the QDs with additional shells at higher temperature. Finally, the band gap of the QDs was measured as a function of temperature. The Debye temperature was obtained by empirically fitting the energy band gap.
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71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
73.63.Kv Quantum dots
78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors
78.67.Hc Quantum dots
63.20.kd Phonon-electron interactions
65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects

Tunable piezoresistance and noise in gate-all-around nanowire field-effect-transistor

Pushpapraj Singh, Woo-Tae Park, Jianmin Miao, Lichun Shao, Rama Krishna Kotlanka, and Dim-Lee Kwong

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063106 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3683516 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 7 February 2012

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The piezoresistance and noise of n-type gate-all-around nanowire field-effect-transistor (NWFET) is investigated as a function of gate bias. With narrow gate bias span of 0.6 V near threshold region, the piezoresistive coefficient of NWFET enhances up to seven times from 29 × 10−11 Pa−1 to 207 × 10−11 Pa−1 under compressive and tensile strain conditions. Results reveal that the low frequency noise is reduced when operated in subthreshold region. The higher piezoresistive coefficient and reduced noise improve the sensor resolution (minimum detectable strain) by sixteen times. NWFET operates at low bias with higher piezoresistance and signal-to-noise ratio and offers promising applications in strain sensors.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices

Rectifying behaviors induced by BN-doping in trigonal graphene with zigzag edges

X. Q. Deng, Z. H. Zhang, G. P. Tang, Z. Q. Fan, M. Qiu, and C. Guo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063107 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3681779 (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 7 February 2012

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Based on nonequilibrium Green’s functions in combination with density-function theory, the transport properties of trigonal graphenes, with the vertex carbon atom substituted by one phosphorus or boron atom and bounded through a B-N pair, coupled to gold electrodes are investigated. The rectification behavior can be observed because a potential barrier similar to the p-n junction is formed in the B-N region of central molecule. When the size of a central molecule is enlarged, rectification ratio is improved greatly since the barrier height in it is enhanced as well.
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72.80.Vp Electronic transport in graphene
73.40.Ei Rectification
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections

Metal contact to graphene nanoribbon

Gyungseon Seol and Jing Guo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063108 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3682319 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 7 February 2012

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Metal to graphene nanoribbon (GNR) contact is explored by self‐consistent numerical simulations. The Schottky barrier height of the GNR contact can be modulated by either the gate voltage or the workfunction of the metal contact. An Ohmic contact with multiple‐subband injection can be achieved with increase of the GNR width. The contact resistance normalized by the GNR width is smaller than that of the two‐dimensional graphene, and the effect of the quasi‐one‐dimensional subbands for GNRs is manifested when the GNR is narrower than about 5 nm.
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73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts
73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions
73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential

High-strength titanium alloy nanopillars with stacking faults and enhanced plastic flow

Qian Yu, Suzhi Li, Andrew M. Minor, Jun Sun, and Evan Ma

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063109 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3683489 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 8 February 2012

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Through ex situ and in situ compression and tension tests of micrometer- and submicrometer-sized single crystal hexagonal close packed (HCP) Ti alloy pillars oriented for prismatic slip, we have observed that “smaller is stronger” and the larger samples exhibit obvious strain bursts. However, for extremely small samples, the plastic flow becomes much more stable both in compression and tension, mainly due to the emergence of a high density of basal stacking faults (SFs) driven by extremely high stress, which rarely appear in larger samples and bulk counterpart. This work demonstrates a recipe towards ultra-high strength (GPa level) nanoscale samples with continous plastic flow.
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81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
81.70.Bt Mechanical testing, impact tests, static and dynamic loads
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)
62.23.Hj Nanowires
61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
62.20.fq Plasticity and superplasticity

Effect of surface plasmon energy matching on the sensing capability of metallic nano-hole arrays

Mohamadreza Najiminaini, Fartash Vasefi, Bozena Kaminska, and Jeffrey J. L. Carson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063110 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3683536 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 8 February 2012

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We report on a nano-hole array structure with a single cavity beneath the perforated gold film. Structures were fabricated with a variety of cavity depths. The optical resonance of each structure as well as the surface plasmon (SP) energy matching between the top and bottom of the gold film were investigated. We also experimentally evaluated the sensitivity of the structures as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. We observed a 1.6-fold enhancement in bulk SPR sensitivity and a 3-fold improvement in figure of merit for a structure with a 350-nm cavity depth compared to a structure with a 5-nm cavity depth.
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78.66.Bz Metals and metallic alloys
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Near-infrared nano-spectroscopy of semiconductor quantum dots using a phase-change mask layer

N. Tsumori, M. Takahashi, R. Kubota, P. Regreny, M. Gendry, and T. Saiki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063111 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3683537 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 8 February 2012

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We propose a technique that uses an optical mask layer of a phase-change material (PCM), which is used for rewritable optical recording media, to achieve highly sensitive near-field imaging spectroscopy of single semiconductor quantum constituents at optical telecommunication wavelengths. An amorphous nanoaperture allows imaging spectroscopy with a high spatial resolution and high collection efficiency. This is due to the large optical contrast between the crystalline and amorphous phases of the phase-change material at visible wavelengths and its high transparency at near-infrared wavelengths. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by numerical simulations and photoluminescence measurements of InAs/InP quantum dots.
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81.05.Ea III-V semiconductors
81.07.Ta Quantum dots
78.67.Hc Quantum dots
78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors
78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Horizontally aligned ZnO nanowire transistors using patterned graphene thin films

Hwansoo Kim, Ji-Hoon Park, Misook Suh, Joung Real Ahn, and Sanghyun Ju

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063112 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3684614 (5 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 8 February 2012

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Here we report the directed growth of ZnO nanowires on multilayer graphene films (MGFs) without the use of metal seed materials. The ZnO source substance was diffused onto the MGF surface, where nanowires tended to grow in the high surface energy sites. This property was exploited to fabricate top-gate structural nanowire transistors with ZnO nanowires grown in the direction of the exposed sides of 6 × 4 μm patterned MGFs with a SiO2 capping layer. The devices showed an on-current of 160 nA, a threshold voltage of −2.27 V, an on-off current ratio of 3.98 × 105, and a field effect mobility of ∼41.32 cm2/V·s.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices

Spectral reflectance switching of colloidal photonic crystal structure composed of positively charged TiO2 nanoparticles

HongShik Shim, Joohyun Lim, Chang Gyun Shin, Seog-Jin Jeon, Moon Gyu Han, and Jin-Kyu Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063113 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3680589 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 8 February 2012

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We report the tunable photonic crystal behavior of highly concentrated, mildly charged TiO2 nanoparticle colloids under external electric field. Reflectance intensity change at the certain photonic bandgap and its irreversible switching characteristics are observed and discussed. Through computer aided numerical analysis, gradient spacing between charged particles is predicted under electric field, which is well coincidence with experimental results. Also, we report the experimental evidence that the charged nanoparticle can play the role as a major charge carrier in non-aqueous liquid. Its short range moving and stacking on electrode cause the capacitive current flow and charge accumulation like ions in liquid state.
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78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
82.70.Dd Colloids
78.40.Ha Other nonmetallic inorganics

Fabrication of nanoscale glass fibers by electrospinning

M. Praeger, E. Saleh, A. Vaughan, W. J. Stewart, and W. H. Loh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063114 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3684940 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 8 February 2012

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We report the experimental realization of glass nanofibers by electrospinning directly from a melt, demonstrating the viability of electrospinning fibers from non-polymer materials with high melting temperatures and higher surface tensions. The nanofiber material (B2O3) is molten on the tip of a gold wire, and voltage applied to the tip causes a jet to form, resulting in solid glass fibers with diameters of ∼100 nm.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.05.Kf Glasses (including metallic glasses)
68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena

Electronic structures of an epitaxial graphene monolayer on SiC(0001) after metal intercalation (metal = Al, Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd): A first-principles study

Chia-Hsiu Hsu, Wen-Huan Lin, Vidvuds Ozolins, and Feng-Chuan Chuang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063115 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3682303 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 February 2012

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The atomic structures and electronic properties of metal-intercalated (metal = Al, Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd) graphene monolayers on SiC(0001) were investigated using first-principles calculations. The unique Dirac cone of graphene near the K point reappeared as the graphite layer was intercalated by these metals at a coverage of 3/8 ML. Furthermore, our results show that metal intercalation leads to n-type doping of graphene. The bands contributed from graphene exhibit small splitting after intercalation, whereas the bands contributed from the intercalated metal layer have significant Rashba spin-orbit splittings in all cases except Al.
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73.22.Pr Electronic structure of graphene
68.47.Pe Langmuir-Blodgett films on solids; polymers on surfaces; biological molecules on surfaces
71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman and Stark splitting, Jahn-Teller effect
61.72.up Other materials

Formation of an extended CoSi2 thin nanohexagons array coherently buried in silicon single crystal

Guinther Kellermann, Luciano A. Montoro, Lisandro J. Giovanetti, Paula C. dos Santos Claro, Liang Zhang, Antonio J. Ramirez, Félix G. Requejo, and Aldo F. Craievich

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063116 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3683493 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2012

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A Co‐doped silica film was deposited on the surface of a Si(100) wafer and isothermally annealed at 750 °C to form spherical Co nanoparticles embedded in the silica film and a few atomic layer thick CoSi2 nanoplatelets within the wafer. The structure, morphology, and spatial orientation of the nanoplatelets were characterized. The experimental results indicate that the nanoplatelets exhibit hexagonal shape and a uniform thickness. The CoSi2 nanostructures lattice is coherent with the Si lattice, and each of them is parallel to one of the four planes belonging to the {111} crystallographic form of the host lattice.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
68.35.bt Other materials
68.55.aj Insulators
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)

Resonantly enhanced optical nonlinearity in hybrid semiconductor quantum dot – metal nanoparticle structures

Ming Fu, Kai Wang, Hua Long, Guang Yang, Peixiang Lu, Frederik Hetsch, Andrei S. Susha, and Andrey L. Rogach

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063117 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3683548 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2012

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The optical nonlinearity of hybrid structures composed of CdTe quantum dots and periodical particle array of gold is studied using Z-scan method. The optical nonlinearity is dramatically affected by the interaction between exciton in CdTe quantum dots and surface plasmons in Au periodical particle array. When the Au surface plasmon is tuned to be in resonance with the exciton transition in CdTe quantum dots, the largest nonlinear refractive index and the smallest two-photon absorption coefficient, n2 = −0.53 cm2/GW and β = 25 cm/GW, which are about 8 times larger and 50 times smaller than that of bare CdTe quantum dots, can be achieved.
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71.35.-y Excitons and related phenomena
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
42.65.-k Nonlinear optics
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)

Half-harmonic Kelvin probe force microscopy with transfer function correction

Senli Guo, Sergei V. Kalinin, and Stephen Jesse

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063118 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3684274 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2012

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An approach for surface potential imaging based on half-harmonic band excitation (BE) in Kelvin probe force microscopy is demonstrated. Using linear and half-harmonic BE enables quantitative correction of the cantilever transfer function. Half-harmonic band excitation Kelvin probe force microscopy (HBE KPFM) thus allows quantitative separation of surface potential and topographic contributions to the signal, obviating the primary sources of topographic cross-talk. HBE KPFM imaging and voltage spectroscopy methods are illustrated for several model systems.
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42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

Electronic rectification devices from carbon nanocones

Chen Ming, Zheng-Zhe Lin, Jun Zhuang, and Xi-Jing Ning

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063119 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3684276 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2012

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The electronic rectification effects of single wall carbon nanocones (SWCNCs) with cone angles 113°, 60°, and 39° are shown by density functional theory calculation and non-equilibrium Green’s functional method, and the 113° cone owns the best rectification. Based on this result, the experiment on the rectification effects of cone-like structures is explained. To realize the rectification device, a scheme for fabricating single wall carbon nanocones standing on substrates with the controlled cone shapes is suggested and was verified via molecular dynamics simulations.
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85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices
84.30.Jc Power electronics; power supply circuits

Fabrication of disconnected three‐dimensional silver nanostructures in a polymer matrix

Kevin Vora, SeungYeon Kang, Shobha Shukla, and Eric Mazur

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063120 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3684277 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2012

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We present a simple, one‐step technique for direct‐writing of a structured nanocomposite material with disconnected silver nanostructures in a polymer matrix. A nonlinear optical interaction between femtosecond laser pulses and a composite material creates silver structures that are embedded inside a polymer with submicrometer resolution (300 nm). We create complex patterns of silver nanostructures in three dimensions. The key to the process is the chemical composition of the sample that provides both a support matrix and controlled growth. The technique presented in this letter may offer a cost‐effective approach for the fabrication of bulk optical devices with engineered dispersion.
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81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
42.65.-k Nonlinear optics
81.05.Qk Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites
42.62.-b Laser applications
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Transparent conductive thin films of single-wall carbon nanotubes encapsulating dopant molecules

Naoki Kishi, Ikuma Miwa, Toshiya Okazaki, Takeshi Saito, Toshihisa Mizutani, Hiroaki Tsuchiya, Tetsuo Soga, and Takashi Jimbo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 063121 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3684811 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 10 February 2012

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Transparent conductive thin films of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) doped with organic dopant molecules encapsulated inside the SWCNTs are reported. Doping with tetrafluorotetracyano-p-quinodimethane encapsulated within the SWCNTs improved the ratio of direct current to optical conductivity in the SWCNT thin films by a factor of about 1.8. Thermal stability of the improvement in electrical conductivity by encapsulation doping is investigated as a function of annealing temperature. We found that encapsulation doping provides stable conductivity enhancement in transparent thin films of SWCNTs compared to doping by adsorbed dopant molecules outside the SWCNTs.
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73.61.Wp Fullerenes and related materials
81.07.De Nanotubes
78.67.Ch Nanotubes
61.72.up Other materials
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
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