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3 Sep 2012

Volume 101, Issue 10, Articles (10xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 103101 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4748099 (5 pages)

Massimo Cuscunà, Annalisa Convertino, Emiliano Zampetti, Antonella Macagnano, Alessandro Pecora, Guglielmo Fortunato, Laura Felisari, Giuseppe Nicotra, Corrado Spinella, and Faustino Martelli
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Correlating surface segregation and microstructural evolution of electrochemically deposited copper

Michael Rizzolo, Steve Novak, Eric Lifshin, and Kathleen A. Dunn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101901 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4750252 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 4 September 2012

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Electroplating bath additives become problematic when incorporated into electrochemically deposited copper as impurities. The surface segregation of these impurities during spontaneous microstructural transformation was monitored by secondary ion mass spectrometry and found to be no different than the surface chemistry of the non-transforming plated samples or even sputtered copper. The results show that microstructural transformation of electroplated copper progresses despite the presence of impurities, suggesting foreign constituents are not in fact responsible for grain boundary pinning in these films.
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68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
82.80.Ms Mass spectrometry (including SIMS, multiphoton ionization and resonance ionization mass spectrometry, MALDI)
68.55.at Other materials
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries

Praseodymium valence determination in Lu2SiO5, Y2SiO5, and Lu3Al5O12 scintillators by x-ray absorption spectroscopy

Mariya Zhuravleva, Stephan Friedrich, and Charles L. Melcher

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101902 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4748168 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2012

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Until now, determination of both Pr3+ and Pr4+ at the low concentration levels commonly used in single crystal scintillators has proven to be difficult. We have found that it is possible to use synchrotron radiation and superconducting tunnel junction detectors to measure the X-ray absorption on the M4 and M5 edges of Pr to directly determine Pr3+ and Pr4+ in Lu2SiO5, Y2SiO5, and Lu3Al5O12. The spectra were measured at room temperature and compared to model samples of trivalent and tetravalent praseodymium, which provided clear signatures of the two charge states. The results show predominant Pr(III) in most samples.
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71.55.Ht Other nonmetals
78.70.Ps Scintillation
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra

Selectively probing vibrations in a plasmonic supracrystal

Pierre-Adrien Mante, Hung-Ying Chen, Meng-Hsien Lin, Yu-Chieh Wen, Shangjr Gwo, and Chi-Kuang Sun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101903 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4750140 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2012

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The coupling of plasmonic resonances with the multiple phonon modes of a plasmonic supracrystal is studied. Ultrafast optical pump-probe spectroscopy with variable wavelength allows the selective detection of the breathing mode, the interparticle vibrations, and the vibration of the whole structure. Thanks to this selectivity, the characterization of the bonding strength between nanoparticles in different directions of the supracrystal is possible. The observation of these vibrations could be useful for the realization of future phonon modulated photonic and plasmonic devices.
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63.20.D- Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
78.67.Bf Nanocrystals, nanoparticles, and nanoclusters
71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic response functions, plasmons
78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (<1 psec)

Prospects for achieving high dynamic compression with low energy

Michael R. Armstrong, Jonathan C. Crowhurst, Sorin Bastea, William M. Howard, Joseph M. Zaug, and Alexander F. Goncharov

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101904 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4751107 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2012

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Laser driven dynamic compression experiments may, in materials with picosecond equilibration times, be possible with orders of magnitude less drive energy than currently used. As we show, the compression energy for geometrically similar experiments varies as the third power of the time scale of compression. For materials which equilibrate and can be characterized on picosecond time scales, the compression energy can be orders of magnitude smaller than the 1–100 ns scale time scale of many current experiments. The use of substantially lower compression energy is a great practical advantage in such experiments, potentially enabling the observation of extreme states of matter with table top scale laser systems.
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42.62.-b Laser applications
78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (<1 psec)

Defect microstructural evolution in ion irradiated metallic nanofoils: Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation versus cluster dynamics modeling and in situ transmission electron microscopy experiments

Donghua Xu, Brian D. Wirth, Meimei Li, and Marquis A. Kirk

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101905 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4748980 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2012

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Understanding materials degradation under intense irradiation is important for the development of next generation nuclear power plants. Here we demonstrate that defect microstructural evolution in molybdenum nanofoils in situ irradiated and observed on a transmission electron microscope can be reproduced with high fidelity using an object kinetic Monte Carlo (OKMC) simulation technique. Main characteristics of defect evolution predicted by OKMC, namely, defect density and size distribution as functions of foil thickness, ion fluence and flux, are in excellent agreement with those obtained from the in situ experiments and from previous continuum-based cluster dynamics modeling. The combination of advanced in situ experiments and high performance computer simulation/modeling is a unique tool to validate physical assumptions/mechanisms regarding materials response to irradiation, and to achieve the predictive power for materials stability and safety in nuclear facilities.
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61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
61.82.Rx Nanocrystalline materials
61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects

Raman spectroscopy of the interlayer shear mode in few-layer MoS2 flakes

G. Plechinger, S. Heydrich, J. Eroms, D. Weiss, C. Schüller, and T. Korn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101906 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4751266 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 5 September 2012

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Single- and few-layer MoS2 has recently gained attention as an interesting material system for opto-electronics. Here, we report on scanning Raman measurements on few-layer MoS2 flakes prepared by exfoliation. We observe a Raman mode corresponding to a rigid shearing oscillation of adjacent layers. This mode appears at very low Raman shifts between 20 and 30 cm−1. Its position strongly depends on the number of layers, which we independently determine using atomic force microscopy and investigation of the other characteristic Raman modes. Raman spectroscopy of the shear mode, therefore, is a useful tool to determine the number of layers for few-layer MoS2 flakes.
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78.67.Pt Multilayers; superlattices; photonic structures; metamaterials
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics

Cationic point defects in CuGaSe2 from a structural perspective

C. Stephan, T. Scherb, C. A. Kaufmann, S. Schorr, and H.-W. Schock

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101907 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4751338 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 September 2012

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The chalcopyrite semiconductors show large tolerances to deviations from stoichiometry by keeping the crystal structure. Such deviations always cause structural inhomogeneities and charge mismatches which influence the material properties. We studied the type and concentration of cationic point defects on Cu-poor CuGaSe2 powders by the complementary use of neutrons and photons. It is demonstrated that the main existing defects in this Cu-poor wide gap semiconductor are copper-vacancies (VCu) and gallium on interstitial sites (Gai). The latter may explain why tailoring a highly efficient CuGaSe2 solar cell is an even more challenging task than previously expected.
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61.72.jj Interstitials
61.72.jd Vacancies
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
61.66.Dk Alloys
88.40.H- Solar cells (photovoltaics)
88.40.jn Thin film Cu-based I-III-VI2 solar cells
61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds

Influence of volume fraction on the yield behavior of giant electrorheological fluid

Zhenyang Song, Yuchuan Cheng, Jinghua Wu, Jianjun Guo, and Gaojie Xu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101908 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4751264 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 September 2012

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In this letter, we provide a phenomenological model to explain the recently discovered volume fraction effect in giant electrorheological (ER) fluids. We attribute the exponential dependence of yield stress on volume fraction to the repulsive interaction between particle chains. The increase of particle concentration increases the inter-chain repulsive interaction, which raises potential energy in electrorheological fluid and consequently the yield stress. The acquired normal force data validated our model.
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62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids
47.65.Gx Electrorheological fluids

Enhanced thermoelectric properties of CePd3−xPtx

S. R. Boona and D. T. Morelli

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101909 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4751265 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 6 September 2012

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We have explored the structural, magnetic, and thermoelectric properties of the CePd3−xPtx (0 < x < 1) solid solution. The similar chemical properties of palladium and platinum appear to result in a minimal perturbation to the intermediate valent state that is responsible for high Seebeck coefficient, while the large mass difference between the two elements significantly reduces the lattice thermal conductivity. The result is a 40% increase of the thermoelectric figure of merit at 100 K and a 30% increase at 300 K; the latter value is the highest value ever reported for any CePd3-based material.
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72.15.Jf Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys
71.28.+d Narrow-band systems; intermediate-valence solids
75.20.Hr Local moment in compounds and alloys; Kondo effect, valence fluctuations, heavy fermions
61.66.Dk Alloys
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities

Mechanical properties of metal-organic frameworks: An indentation study on epitaxial thin films

S. Bundschuh, O. Kraft, H. K. Arslan, H. Gliemann, P. G. Weidler, and C. Wöll

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101910 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4751286 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 6 September 2012

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We have determined the hardness and Young's modulus of a highly porous metal-organic framework (MOF) using a standard nanoindentation technique. Despite the very low density of these films, 1.22 g cm−3, Young's modulus reaches values of almost 10 GPa for HKUST-1, demonstrating that this porous coordination polymer is substantially stiffer than normal polymers. This progress in characterizing mechanical properties of MOFs has been made possible by the use of high quality, oriented thin films grown using liquid phase epitaxy on modified Au substrates.
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81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
62.20.de Elastic moduli
61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
81.40.Np Fatigue, corrosion fatigue, embrittlement, cracking, fracture, and failure
62.20.Qp Friction, tribology, and hardness
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology

Anisotropic optical transmission of femtosecond laser induced periodic surface nanostructures on indium-tin-oxide films

Chih Wang, Hsuan-I Wang, Chih-Wei Luo, and Jihperng Leu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101911 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4751983 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 7 September 2012

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Two types of periodic nanostructures, self-organized nanodots and nanolines, were fabricated on the surfaces of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) films using femtosecond laser pulse irradiation. Multiple periodicities (approximately 800 nm and 400 nm) were clearly observed on the ITO films with nanodot and nanoline structures and were identified using two-dimensional Fourier transformation patterns. Both nanostructures show the anisotropic transmission characteristics in the visible range, which are strongly correlated with the geometry and the metallic content of the laser-induced nanostructures.
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78.66.Li Other semiconductors
78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (<1 psec)
42.62.-b Laser applications
78.40.Fy Semiconductors
81.16.Mk Laser-assisted deposition
81.16.Dn Self-assembly

Strong atomic ordering in Gd-doped GaN

Manabu Ishimaru, Kotaro Higashi, Shigehiko Hasegawa, Hajime Asahi, Kazuhisa Sato, and Toyohiko J. Konno

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101912 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4751245 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 7 September 2012

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Gd-doped GaN (Ga1−xGdxN) thin films were grown on a GaN(001) template by radio frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy and characterized by means of x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three samples with a different Gd composition were prepared in this study: x = 0.02, 0.05, and 0.08. XRD and TEM results revealed that the low Gd concentration GaN possesses the wurtzite structure. On the other hand, it was found that an ordered phase with a quadruple-periodicity along the [001] direction in the wurtzite structure is formed throughout the film with x = 0.08. We proposed the atomistic model for the superlattice structure observed here.
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81.15.Hi Molecular, atomic, ion, and chemical beam epitaxy
61.72.uj III-V and II-VI semiconductors
68.55.ag Semiconductors

Evidence for ferromagnetic strain glass in Ni-Co-Mn-Ga Heusler alloy system

Yu Wang, Chonghui Huang, Jinghui Gao, Sen Yang, Xiangdong Ding, Xiaoping Song, and Xiaobing Ren

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 101913 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4751250 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 7 September 2012

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We report that both a strain glass transition and a ferromagnetic transition take place in a Ni43Co12Mn20Ga25 Heusler alloy. This results in a ferromagnetic strain glass with coexisting short range strain ordering and long range magnetic moment ordering. The phase diagram of the Ni-Co-Mn-Ga system shows that the substitutional point defect Co in the Ni-site plays the following roles: (i) suppressing the long range strain ordering of martensite, (ii) promoting local strain ordering of strain glass by producing random local stresses, and (iii) enhancing the ferromagnetic exchange interaction, which leads to the formation of ferromagnetic strain glass.
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64.70.pe Metallic glasses
75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys
75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities
81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals, alloys, and oxides
75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions
61.72.J- Point defects and defect clusters
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