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22 Oct 2012

Volume 101, Issue 17, Articles (17xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 171101 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4758996 (4 pages)

Wolfram H. P. Pernice and Harish Bhaskaran
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Addition of regiorandom poly(3-hexylthiophene) to solution processed poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester graded bilayers to tune the vertical concentration gradient

Varun Vohra, Koichi Higashimine, Tatsuya Murakami, and Hideyuki Murata

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 173301 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4761998 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2012

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Donor-acceptor vertical concentration gradient in the active layer is of crucial importance in graded bilayer poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) solar cells. We demonstrate that upon addition of regiorandom P3HT to graded regioregular P3HT:PCBM bilayers, we are able to tune the vertical concentration gradient. With the help of energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy elemental mapping of the device cross-sections, we find a strong relationship between the concentration gradient profile and the device performances. Upon addition of regiorandom P3HT, the devices exhibit power conversion efficiencies up to 3.83% (compare to 3.09% for regioregular P3HT devices).
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88.40.jr Organic photovoltaics
88.40.H- Solar cells (photovoltaics)
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
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Electric double layers allow for opaque electrodes in high performance organic optoelectronic devices

Bo Li, Simon Dalgleish, Yasuhito Miyoshi, Hirofumi Yoshikawa, Michio M. Matsushita, and Kunio Awaga

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 173302 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4762823 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2012

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We report that opaque electrodes can be used for high-performance organic optoelectronic devices, facilitated by the electric double layers (EDLs) formed in ionic liquids. For the photocell, gold/poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM)/ionic liquid/silver, the EDLs enable a large photocurrent response, without the electrodes being superimposed. The external quantum efficiency and responsivity can reach 61.2% and 272 mA/W, respectively. The specific detectivity can reach 1.9 × 1013 Jones, which is larger than silicon-based detectors. This type of architecture will renew the operation principle and material choice for organic photocells, because transparency is no longer an indispensable condition for the electrodes.
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85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
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Hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study on band alignment at poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)/ZnO interface

T. Nagata, S. Oh, Y. Yamashita, H. Yoshikawa, R. Hayakawa, K. Kobayashi, T. Chikyow, and Y. Wakayama

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 173303 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4762834 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2012

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We used hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the interfacial electronic states of a poly(styrenesulfonate) doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:PSS) contact on a ZnO single crystal. An understanding of the interfacial band structure is useful for putting the organic contact to practical use. We observed upward band bending of the ZnO layer a few nanometers from the interface. The detected ZnO bulk region exhibited a flat band structure, meaning that the PEDOT:PSS does not greatly deplete the ZnO layer. The band bending caused the charge injection barrier formation with the result that the contact exhibited the Schottky property.
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73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states
71.20.Nr Semiconductor compounds
79.60.-i Photoemission and photoelectron spectra
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
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High Seebeck effects from conducting polymer: Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) based thin-film device with hybrid metal/polymer/metal architecture

Michael Stanford, Hsin Wang, Ilia Ivanov, and Bin Hu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 173304 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4761954 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 24 October 2012

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Conductive polymers are of particular interest for thermoelectric applications due to their low thermal conductivity and relatively high electrical conductivity. In this study, commercially available conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) was used in a hybrid metal/polymer/metal thin film design in order to achieve a high Seebeck coefficient with the value of 252 μV/k on a relatively low temperature scale. Polymer film thickness was varied in order to investigate its influence on the Seebeck effect. The high Seebeck coefficient indicates that the metal/polymer/metal design can develop a large entropy difference in internal energy of charge carriers between high and low-temperature metal electrodes to develop electrical potential due to charge transport in conducting polymer film through metal/polymer interface. Therefore, the metal/polymer/metal structure presents a new design to combine inorganic metals and organic polymers in thin-film form to develop Seebeck devices.
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68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
72.80.Le Polymers; organic compounds (including organic semiconductors)
82.45.Fk Electrodes
73.50.Lw Thermoelectric effects
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Bulk-heterojunction morphology control during spin coating: Modelling diffusion assisted phase separation

S. S. Ghosh, G. S. Lonkar, M. S. Mahajan, S. R. Jadkar, V. S. Waman, M. M. Kamble, V. Ganesan, and J. V. Sali

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 173305 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4761931 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 25 October 2012

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We demonstrate the use of controlling the ambient during spin coating to finely control the solvent evaporation rate in order to obtain varying degree of phase separation in P3HT:PCBM blend films and study the effect on device performance. To understand the basic phenomenon driving the phase separation, modelling study has been performed, which show that the phase separation is due to PCBM diffusion towards the nucleation site once its solubility limit is crossed during spin coating process.
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66.30.hk Polymers
64.75.Bc Solubility
68.55.am Polymers and organics
81.15.Dj E-beam and hot filament evaporation deposition
81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques
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