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12 Nov 2012

Volume 101, Issue 20, Articles (20xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203102 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4747717 (4 pages)

Hyukjin Jung and Ki-Hun Jeong
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Why do atomic force microscopy force curves still exhibit jump to contact?

Mario S. Rodrigues, Luca Costa, Joël Chevrier, and Fabio Comin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203105 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4766172 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 13 November 2012

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The force between two particles as a function of distance is one of the most fundamental curves in physics. Here, we describe how the force feedback microscope can routinely measure the tip-surface interaction in the entire range of distances with a sensitivity of 1 pN and in different media. The method allows to measure simultaneously the force, force gradient, and damping from solely the knowledge of the lever spring constant. The jump to contact is avoided and thus it is possible to follow the brutal nucleation of a water bridge between the tip and the surface.
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07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes
07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque

Nanoxerography utilizing bipolar charge patterns

Kyunghoon Lim, Jung-Rok Lee, Heechul Lee, Peter V. Pikhitsa, Sukbeom You, Chang Gyu Woo, Pilnam Kim, Kahp Y. Suh, and Mansoo Choi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203106 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4766180 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 13 November 2012

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We report a nanoxerography utilizing alternating bipolar surface charge patterns. Unlike a conventional nanoxerography using unipolar charge patterns, the present concept generates convex shaped equipotential planes with large curvature that can act as nanoscopic electrostatic lenses. Through these lenses, positively charged aerosol nanoparticles are focused into the center region of the negative surface charge pattern leading to the significant reduction of particle deposition width. We also demonstrate that the focusing capability can be controlled by changing ion flow rates. Numerical simulations of the trajectory and deposition of charged particles were done to support experimental results.
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81.07.-b Nanoscale materials and structures: fabrication and characterization
82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams
73.40.-c Electronic transport in interface structures

Plasmon-induced fluorescence and electroluminescence from porphine molecules on GaAs(110) in a scanning tunneling microscope

Svenja Mühlenberend, Natalia L. Schneider, Markus Gruyters, and Richard Berndt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203107 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4767351 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 13 November 2012

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Surface plasmon polaritons of the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope are used to induce fluorescence from (5,10,15,20)-tetraphenyl-21 H,23 H-porphine molecules on GaAs(110) surfaces at very low coverages. Fluorescence spectra exhibiting vibrationally resolved Q-band transitions show that the luminescence is of molecular origin. The emission is not directly induced by the tunneling current. Rather, radiationless energy transfer from plasmon modes of the tip leads to molecular excitation.
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78.55.Kz Solid organic materials
63.20.-e Phonons in crystal lattices
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)
73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
78.60.Fi Electroluminescence

Free volume change of elongated polyethylene films studied using a positron probe microanalyzer

Toshitaka Oka, Nagayasu Oshima, Ryoichi Suzuki, Akira Uedono, Masanori Fujinami, and Yoshinori Kobayashi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203108 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4766457 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 13 November 2012

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Free volume change of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) films upon mechanical deformation was microscopically investigated by positron probe microanalysis (PPMA). The ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetimes were gradually shortened by uniaxial deformation, indicative of shrinkage of the free volume. The o-Ps intensity for HDPE increased by deformation, whereas that for LDPE varied little. It suggests that destruction of crystallites plays an important role in the deformation of HDPE. PPMA is demonstrated to be a promising, powerful probe investigating free volume changes, at different local points subjected to different degrees of deformation, in elongated polymers.
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68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity

High-performance solution-processed plasmonic Ni nanochain-Al2O3 selective solar thermal absorbers

Xiaoxin Wang, Haofeng Li, Xiaobai Yu, Xiaoling Shi, and Jifeng Liu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203109 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4766730 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 13 November 2012

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Selective solar thermal absorber coating is an important component of concentrated solar power systems. It maximizes the absorption of solar spectrum and minimizes thermal radiation losses in the mid-infrared regime. In this letter, we demonstrate a solution-processed plasmonic Ni nanochain-Al2O3 selective solar thermal absorber with a high solar absorptance >90% and a low thermal emittance loss <10%. Unlike conventional graded-index cermet coatings, the spectral selectivity is tailored by the lengths of Ni nanochains, elimating the requirement of costly vacuum deposition for stringent thickness control. These results open a path to utilize plasmonics for low-cost, high-performance solar thermal systems.
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42.79.Ek Solar collectors and concentrators
42.70.-a Optical materials
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Ultrafast laser orthogonal alignment and patterning of carbon nanotube-polymer composite films

Ryan D. Murphy, Michael J. Abere, Huanan Zhang, Haiping Sun, Ben Torralva, John F. Mansfield, Nicholas A. Kotov, and Steven M. Yalisove

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203301 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4766926 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 13 November 2012

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Dual orthogonal alignment of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) within the plane and perpendicular to a substrate is essential for many applications but difficult to obtain. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible using a combination of layer-by-layer deposition and ultrafast laser irradiation. Single-wall CNT-polymer composites preferentially aligned within the plane are irradiated with ultrafast laser pulses. After irradiation with distinct fluences at ambient conditions, morphology is seen where CNTs are formed into bundled CNTs with some orthogonal alignment. A model is presented to account for thermal expansion of the polymer and the formation of CNT bundles.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
61.48.De Structure of carbon nanotubes, boron nanotubes, and other related systems
68.55.am Polymers and organics
78.47.J- Ultrafast spectroscopy (<1 psec)
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
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Unipolar resistive switching behavior of Pt/LixZn1−xO/Pt resistive random access memory devices controlled by various defect types

Chun-Cheng Lin, Zong-Liang Tseng, Kuang-Yao Lo, Chih-Yu Huang, Cheng-Shong Hong, Sheng-Yuan Chu, Chia-Chiang Chang, and Chin-Jyi Wu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203501 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4766725 (5 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 12 November 2012

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The unipolar resistive switching behavior of Pt/LixZn1−xO/Pt structures fabricated via radio-frequency magnetron sputtering is investigated. Various Li doping concentrations influence the defect types (i.e., VO, Lii, and LiZn) in LixZn1−xO films for adjustable resistance ratio. The resistance ratio reaches 108 due to the minimized leakage current in the high-resistance state (HRS) at 6 at. % Li dopants. The dominant conduction mechanisms are explained in terms of Ohmic behavior and Poole-Frenkel (PF) emission. The coefficient r of the PF emission in the HRS is evaluated to confirm that the total number of defects in LixZn1−xO films decreases with increasing Li content.
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84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits

Nonlinear dependence of set time on pulse voltage caused by thermal accelerated breakdown in the Ti/HfO2/Pt resistive switching devices

M. G. Cao, Y. S. Chen, J. R. Sun, D. S. Shang, L. F. Liu, J. F. Kang, and B. G. Shen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203502 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4766737 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 13 November 2012

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Dynamic processes of resistance switching have been systemically investigated for the Ti/HfO2/Pt bipolar devices. Different transient characteristics were observed in the set and reset processes. The set process consisted of a waiting step and a following abrupt transition, whereas the reset process demonstrated a gradual resistance change. Nonlinear dependence of set time on pulse voltage was observed and explained by the thermally accelerated dielectric breakdown of local switching regions. The accumulation and dissipation effects observed for different pulse treatments strongly supported the proposed model, which suggests a possible approach to overcome the voltage-time dilemma.
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84.32.Dd Connectors, relays, and switches
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Quantitative phase imaging of human red blood cells using phase-shifting white light interference microscopy with colour fringe analysis

Dalip Singh Mehta and Vishal Srivastava

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203701 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4767519 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 12 November 2012

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We report quantitative phase imaging of human red blood cells (RBCs) using phase-shifting interference microscopy. Five phase-shifted white light interferograms are recorded using colour charge coupled device camera. White light interferograms were decomposed into red, green, and blue colour components. The phase-shifted interferograms of each colour were then processed by phase-shifting analysis and phase maps for red, green, and blue colours were reconstructed. Wavelength dependent refractive index profiles of RBCs were computed from the single set of white light interferogram. The present technique has great potential for non-invasive determination of refractive index variation and morphological features of cells and tissues.
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87.57.nf Reconstruction
87.64.M- Optical microscopy
42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
42.87.Bg Phase shifting interferometry
87.16.-b Subcellular structure and processes

Dynamics of cellular response to hypotonic stimulation revealed by quantitative phase microscopy and multi-fractal detrended fluctuation analysis

Nelson Cardenas, Satish Kumar, and Samarendra Mohanty

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 203702 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4766922 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 13 November 2012

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Hypotonic stimulation is known to cause morphological changes in cells and also leads to modulation of cellular physiology. In order to evaluate the dynamics of cellular response to hypotonic stimulation, we utilized digital holographic microscopy for quantitative phase microscopy, achieved by a common-path interferometry geometry based on extraction of reference beam by spatial-filtering. Results from live cell investigations demonstrate the capability of this method for dynamic quantitative phase imaging. Further, wavelet and multi-fractal detrended fluctuation analysis revealed that the dynamic phase changes, in response to hypotonic stimulation, are multifractal in nature.
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87.17.Pq Morphogenesis
87.64.M- Optical microscopy
02.30.Uu Integral transforms
05.40.-a Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, noise, and Brownian motion
05.45.Df Fractals
42.40.My Applications
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Erratum: “High capacity and excellent cycling stability of branched cobalt oxide nanowires as Li-insertion materials” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 043501 (2010)]

Cheng Chao Li, Xiao Ming Yin, Li Bao Chen, Qiu Hong Li, and Tai Hong Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 209901 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4766742 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 November 2012

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Abstract Unavailable
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99.10.Cd Errata
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)
68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, nanoscale and other related systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
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Erratum: “Effective thermal conductivity of graphene-based composites” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 121916 (2012)]

Ke Chu, Cheng-chang Jia, and Wen-sheng Li

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 209902 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4766743 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 12 November 2012

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Abstract Unavailable
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99.10.Cd Errata
66.70.Lm Other systems such as ionic crystals, molecular crystals, nanotubes, etc.
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