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24 Dec 2012

Volume 101, Issue 26, Articles (26xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263501 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4772532 (4 pages)

Youngki Yoon and Sayeef Salahuddin
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Impact of wavelength dependent thermo-elastic laser ablation mechanism on the generation of nanoparticles from thin gold films

N. Haustrup and G. M. O'Connor

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263107 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773301 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2012

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This experimental study provides an insight into the wavelength dependence of femtosecond ablation mechanisms of thin gold films. A wavelength dependent, linear relationship was identified between the volume of the grain microstructure of 20 nm thick films and the volume of the nanoparticles generated during laser ablation. Laser ablation at 343 nm and 515 nm wavelengths resulted in the same linear relationship between the grain volume and the nanoparticle volume. However, no relationship at all was observed when ablated at 1030 nm. The wavelength dependence of these results was attributed to differing absorption mechanisms that ultimately lead to differing ablation mechanisms and nanoparticle formation.
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42.62.-b Laser applications
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations

Spin blockade with spin singlet electrons

Y. C. Sun, S. Amaha, S. M. Huang, J. J. Lin, K. Kono, and K. Ono

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263108 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773304 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2012

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We observe a singlet spin blockade (SSB) in two-electron vertical double quantum dots where the single-electron transport is blocked for spin singlet electrons. In contrast to the conventional Pauli spin blockade with spin triplet electrons, this singlet spin blockade is observed under high magnetic field, where the doubly occupied states in one of the dots go beyond the singlet-triplet ground-state transition. The SSB region in Coulomb diamond measurements is in agreement with the two-electron excitation spectrum. A leakage current of 10 pA order is observed in SSB, consistent with the spin singlet lifetime due to random nuclear spin fluctuations.
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73.21.La Quantum dots
68.65.Hb Quantum dots (patterned in quantum wells)

Step like surface potential on few layered graphene oxide

M. Jaafar, G. López-Polín, C. Gómez-Navarro, and J. Gómez-Herrero

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263109 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773357 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2012

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We report surface potential maps of few layered graphene oxide films on different substrates. Kelvin probe force microscopy images reveal that the surface potential decreases in steps with increasing number of layers on the substrate until five layers are reached, where it saturates to a constant value. This intrinsic behavior is smeared out in the presence of ambient humidity where the surface potential is shielded by the presence of a thin water layer on the surface. This effect can be exploited to quickly determine the number of layers of graphene oxide on a substrate.
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68.65.Pq Graphene films
68.08.Bc Wetting
68.35.bd Metals and alloys
68.35.bg Semiconductors

Porous silicon micro- and nanoparticles for printed humidity sensors

Tero Jalkanen, Ermei Mäkilä, Anni Määttänen, Jaani Tuura, Martti Kaasalainen, Vesa-Pekka Lehto, Petri Ihalainen, Jouko Peltonen, and Jarno Salonen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263110 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773361 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2012

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In this work, the feasibility of porous silicon particles for producing printed humidity sensors is examined. A proof of concept is provided by producing fully functional humidity sensors on a glass substrate by drop casting a particle solution on top of inkjet printed silver electrodes. Sensor sensitivity towards changes in relative humidity is examined. The results show that the sensors provide good sensitivity and reproducible results throughout the entire relative humidity range. In addition, negligibly small hysteresis accompanied by relatively fast response and recovery times is also demonstrated.
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07.07.Vx Hygrometers; hygrometry
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing

Tuning metal-insulator transition by one dimensional alignment of giant electronic domains in artificially size-controlled epitaxial VO2 wires

Hidefumi Takami, Kenichi Kawatani, Hiroki Ueda, Kohei Fujiwara, Teruo Kanki, and Hidekazu Tanaka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263111 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773371 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2012

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We demonstrate control of spatial dimensionality of disordered configurations of giant electronic domains in systematically size-changed VO2 wires on TiO2 (001) substrates. One-dimensional alignment of the domains appears in wires narrower than 15 μm width, while two-dimensional configurations were observed for larger ones. The rearrangement of domains from two to one dimension causes modification of electronic properties.
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71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions
72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions

Two dimensional crystal tunneling devices for THz operation

B. D. Kong, C. Zeng, D. K. Gaskill, K. L. Wang, and K. W. Kim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263112 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773514 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2012

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Two dimensional crystal heterostructures are shown to possess a unique opportunity for nonlinear THz devices. In contrast to the oxide tunneling barrier, the uniformity of layered crystal insulators provides an ideal condition for tunneling barriers in the atomic scale. Numerical calculations based on a first-principles method clearly indicate the feasibility of diode operation with barriers as thin as two monolayers when placed between graphene-metal asymmetric electrodes. Further analysis predicts cut-off frequencies over 10 THz while maintaining strong nonlinearity for zero-bias rectification. Application to hot electron transistors is also examined, illustrating potentially superior performance in the frequency range inaccessible thus far.
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85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including resonance tunneling devices)
85.30.Tv Field effect devices
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Efficiency enhancement in mesogenic-phthalocyanine-based solar cells with processing additives

Quang Duy Dao, Tetsuro Hori, Kaoru Fukumura, Tetsuya Masuda, Toshiya Kamikado, Akihiko Fujii, Yo Shimizu, and Masanori Ozaki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263301 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773519 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 27 December 2012

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Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells, fabricated by spin casting processes, with phase-separated small molecules including a phthalocyanine derivative, 1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octahexylphthalocyanine (C6PcH2), and a fullerene derivative, 1-(3-methoxy-carbonyl)-propyl-1-1-phenyl-(6,6)C61 (PCBM), have been demonstrated to have a power conversion efficiency exceeding 4.1%. The C6PcH2:PCBM BHJ surface morphology and the phase separation have been controlled by utilizing processing additives in various solvents. The effects of the processing additives on the crystallization of the discotic C6PcH2 columns in hexagonal structures have been discussed.
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88.40.jr Organic photovoltaics
88.40.hj Efficiency and performance of solar cells
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Dissipative transport in rough edge graphene nanoribbon tunnel transistors

Youngki Yoon and Sayeef Salahuddin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263501 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4772532 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 December 2012

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We have studied quantum transport in graphene nanoribbon tunnel field-effect transistors. Unlike other studies on similar structures, we have included dissipative processes induced by inelastic electron-phonon scattering and edge roughness in the nanoribbon self-consistently within a non-equilibrium transport simulation. Our results show that the dissipative scattering imposes a limit to the minimum OFF current and a minimum subthreshold swing that can be obtained even for long channel lengths where direct source-drain tunneling is inhibited. The edge roughness, in the presence of dissipative scattering, somewhat surprisingly, shows a classical behavior where it mostly reduces the maximum ON current achievable in this structure.
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85.30.Tv Field effect devices
73.40.Gk Tunneling
85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including resonance tunneling devices)

Broadband asymmetric acoustic transmission in a gradient-index structure

Rui-Qi Li, Bin Liang, Yong Li, Wei-Wei Kan, Xin-Ye Zou, and Jian-Chun Cheng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263502 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773481 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 December 2012

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We propose a scheme of realizing broadband asymmetric acoustic transmission using gradient-index structure, and demonstrate an implementation utilizing phononic-crystal-based metamaterials which can realize an idealized model with desired parameters. The asymmetric transmission is valid within a remarkably broad frequency range. This phenomenon stems from the break of the geometric symmetry of wave trajectories along two opposite directions, essentially different from the mechanisms of previous designs. The numerical results agree well with the analytical predictions using acoustic ray theory. Our design may have potential applications in many fields such as ultrasonic therapy and noise control.
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62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
43.20.-f General linear acoustics

Bipolar snapback in junctionless transistors for capacitorless dynamic random access memory

Mukta Singh Parihar, Dipankar Ghosh, G. Alastair Armstrong, and Abhinav Kranti

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263503 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773055 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 27 December 2012

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In this work, we analyze the snapback effect and extract the effective bipolar current gain in junctionless nanotransistors. The optimal electron and hole concentrations required to trigger and sustain bipolar snapback in junctionless transistors have been evaluated. The occurrence of snapback at lower drain bias (≅ 2 V) in junctionless devices in comparison to conventional inversion mode transistors demonstrates the enormous potential for static power reduction in capacitorless dynamic random access memories. High values (40–70) of effective bipolar current gain achieved in optimally designed junctionless transistors can be utilized to improve the sensing margin for dynamic memories.
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85.40.-e Microelectronics: LSI, VLSI, ULSI; integrated circuit fabrication technology
84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
85.30.Tv Field effect devices
85.35.-p Nanoelectronic devices

Memristive operation mode of floating gate transistors: A two-terminal MemFlash-cell

M. Ziegler, M. Oberländer, D. Schroeder, W. H. Krautschneider, and H. Kohlstedt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263504 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773300 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 27 December 2012

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A memristive operation mode of a single floating gate transistor is presented. The device resistance varied accordingly to the charge flow through the device. Hysteretic current-voltages including a resistance storage capability were observed. These experimental findings are theoretically supported by a capacitive based model. The presented two-terminal MemFlash-cell can be considered as a potential substitute for any memristive device (especially for reconfigurable logic, cross-bar arrays, and neuromorphic circuits) and is basically compatible with current Si-fabrication technology. The obvious trade-off between a memristive device based on a state-of-the-art silicon process technology and power consumption concerns will be discussed.
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84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits
84.32.Ff Conductors, resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors)
85.30.Tv Field effect devices

Morphology control of nanohelix by electrospinning

Guoqing Chang, Guoxia Song, Jian Yang, Runsheng Huang, Alina Kozinda, and Jianyi Shen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263505 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773365 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 27 December 2012

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We developed a simple approach to design and fabricate precisely controlled coiled nanofibers via the micromanufacture of electrospun nanofibers. The fabrication set-up was specially designed so that one stream of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) sol with ferric nitrate was electrospun into a fiber bundle. This bundle acted as an axis that was collected between two opposite rotating needles while another stream of PVP sol, containing copper nitrate, was electrospun around the fiber bundle axis to form a coil. By altering the elements in the precursor solution, copper microsolenoids with magnetite (Fe3O4) cores were fabricated followed by annealing and deoxidation.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, post-deformation annealing, quenching, tempering recovery, and crystallization
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)

Controlled electroluminescence of n-ZnMgO/p-GaN light-emitting diodes

E. S. M. Goh, H. Y. Yang, Z. J. Han, T. P. Chen, and K. Ostrikov

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263506 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773367 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 December 2012

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Effective control of room-temperature electroluminescence of n-ZnMgO/p-GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) over both emission intensity and wavelength is demonstrated. With varied Mg concentration, the intensity of LEDs in the near-ultraviolet region is increased due to the effective radiative recombination in the ZnMgO layer. Furthermore, the emission wavelength is shifted to the green/yellow spectral region by employing an indium-tin-oxide thin film as the dopant source, where thermally activated indium diffusion creates extra deep defect levels for carrier recombination. These results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of controlled metal incorporation in achieving high energy efficiency and spectral tunability of the n-ZnMgO/p-GaN LED devices.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
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Effects of surface functional groups on the formation of nanoparticle-protein corona

R. Podila, R. Chen, P. C. Ke, J. M. Brown, and A. M. Rao

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263701 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4772509 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 December 2012

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Herein, we examined the dependence of protein adsorption on the nanoparticle surface in the presence of functional groups. Our UV-visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering measurements evidently suggested that the functional groups play an important role in the formation of nanoparticle-protein corona. We found that uncoated and surfactant-free silver nanoparticles derived from a laser ablation process promoted a maximum protein (bovine serum albumin) coating due to increased changes in entropy. On the other hand, bovine serum albumin displayed a relatively lower affinity for electrostatically stabilized nanoparticles due to the constrained entropy changes.
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87.15.R- Reactions and kinetics
87.14.E- Proteins
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Layer-by-layer processed high-performance polymer solar cells

Hui Li and Jizheng Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263901 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773515 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 December 2012

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Layer-by-layer (LL) process has great potential in achieving high-performance polymer solar cells (PSCs) due to its advantage in realizing p-i-n like structure. LL method is attracting more and more interests in fabricating PSCs, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of LL processed PSCs has been greatly improved to over 5% recently. In this paper, by employing LL approach, we fabricated polymer photovoltaic devices with poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as donor and four different fullerenes as acceptor. PCE of 6.48% was achieved. Performances of the LL processed devices are comparatively better than that of their corresponding traditional bulk-heterojunction devices.
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88.40.jr Organic photovoltaics

Schottky-barrier solar cell based on layered semiconductor tungsten disulfide nanofilm

Mariyappan Shanmugam, Tanesh Bansal, Chris A. Durcan, and Bin Yu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 263902 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773525 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 27 December 2012

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We demonstrated Schottky-barrier solar cell using layer-structured semiconductor tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanofilm (NF) as the photo-active material. WS2 NFs were synthesized by chemical-vapor-deposition initiated on the surface of tungsten. The growth of WS2 NF was confirmed by Raman signature peaks representing active modes of E12g (351.5 cm−1) for in-plane and A1g (420.1 cm−1) for out-of-plane atomic vibrations, respectively. The ITO/WS2/Au Schottky-barrier solar cell was demonstrated by a layer-enabled assembling process, showing a photo-conversion efficiency of 1.7% and effective photon absorption in the wavelength range of 350 nm–950 nm. The Mott-Schottky characteristic suggests low density of bulk and interface defects in WS2 NF attributed to surfaces with negligible amount of dangling bonds which is the essential nature of layered semiconductors.
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88.40.J- Types of solar cells
88.40.hj Efficiency and performance of solar cells
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
85.30.Kk Junction diodes
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Molecular orientation and photoswitching kinetics on single-walled carbon nanotubes by optical second harmonic generation

David J. McGee, Changshui Huang, Myungwoong Kim, Jonathan W. Choi, Mark A. Eriksson, and Padma Gopalan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 264101 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4772786 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 December 2012

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Electrical conduction through chromophore-functionalized nanotubes can be modulated by light with wavelengths expected to isomerize the chromophores. Here, we use second harmonic generation to directly measure the orientation and photoisomerization kinetics of azo-benzene chromophores on single-walled carbon nanotubes. We find a net chromophore orientation with an average chromophore tilt angle of 40° ± 3°. We show that this angle can be reduced effectively to zero with an applied corona field. Periodic illumination with unpolarized 495 nm light induces reversible trans-cis switching, enabling the extraction of switching time scales both with and without an applied electric field.
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82.50.Hp Processes caused by visible and UV light
82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement

Experimental techniques for imaging and measuring transient vapor nanobubbles

E. Y. Lukianova-Hleb and D. O. Lapotko

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 264102 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4772958 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 December 2012

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Imaging and measuring transient vapor bubbles at nanoscale pose certain experimental challenges due to their reduced dimensions and lifetimes, especially in a single event experiment. Here, we analyze three techniques that employ optical scattering and acoustic detection in identifying and quantifying individual photothermally induced vapor nanobubbles (NBs) at a wide range of excitation energies. In optically transparent media, the best quantitative detection can be achieved by measuring the duration of the optical scattering time-response, while in an opaque media, the amplitude of the acoustic time-response well describes NBs in the absence of stress waves.
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64.70.fh Boiling and bubble dynamics
42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering
43.25.Yw Nonlinear acoustics of bubbly liquids
61.46.-w Structure of nanoscale materials

Atmospheric-pressure guided streamers for liposomal membrane disruption

P. Svarnas, S. H. Matrali, K. Gazeli, Sp. Aleiferis, F. Clément, and S. G. Antimisiaris

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 264103 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773201 (5 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 December 2012

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The potential to use liposomes (LIPs) as a cellular model in order to study interactions of cold atmospheric-pressure plasma with cells is herein investigated. Cold atmospheric-pressure plasma is formed by a dielectric-barrier discharge reactor. Large multilamellar vesicle liposomes, consisted of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol, are prepared by the thin film hydration technique, to encapsulate a small hydrophilic dye, i.e., calcein. The plasma-induced release of calcein from liposomes is then used as a measure of liposome membrane integrity and, consequently, interaction between the cold atmospheric plasma and lipid bilayers. Physical mechanisms leading to membrane disruption are suggested, based on the plasma characterization including gas temperature calculation.
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87.16.D- Membranes, bilayers, and vesicles
52.50.Dg Plasma sources
52.77.-j Plasma applications
52.80.-s Electric discharges
82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms

Scaling the dynamic response and energy harvesting potential of piezoelectric beams

Deniz Tolga Akcabay and Yin Lu Young

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 264104 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773210 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 December 2012

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This work presents dynamic scaling relations for the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) response and energy harvesting potential of fluttering piezoelectric beams. The results show that it is difficult to find a model-sized material to satisfy all the scaling relations using Reynolds scaling. Mach scaling, which does not imply that flow compressibility is important, but simply requires the same inflow speed and operating fluid, allows the same material as full-scale to be used; this enables the model to emulate similar FSI response, energy harvesting potential, and material failure mechanisms, if both the model and full-scale operate at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers (≥1000).
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84.60.Bk Performance characteristics of energy conversion systems; figure of merit
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects

Coherent microwave radiation from a laser induced plasma

M. N. Shneider and R. B. Miles

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 264105 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773240 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 27 December 2012

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We propose a method for generation of coherent monochromatic microwave/terahertz radiation from a laser-induced plasma. It is shown that small-scale plasma, located in the interaction region of two co-propagating plane-polarized laser beams, can be a source of the dipole radiation at a frequency equal to the difference between the frequencies of the lasers. This radiation is coherent and appears as a result of the so-called optical mixing in plasma.
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52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid)

Radiofrequency plasma antenna generated by femtosecond laser filaments in air

Y. Brelet, A. Houard, G. Point, B. Prade, L. Arantchouk, J. Carbonnel, Y.-B. André, M. Pellet, and A. Mysyrowicz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 264106 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4773492 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 27 December 2012

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We demonstrate tunable radiofrequency emission from a meter-long linear plasma column produced in air at atmospheric pressure. A short-lived plasma column is initially produced by femtosecond filamentation and subsequently converted into a long-lived discharge column by application of an external high voltage field. Radiofrequency excitation is fed to the plasma by induction and detected remotely as electromagnetic radiation by a classical antenna.
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52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides
52.50.Dg Plasma sources
52.80.Pi High-frequency and RF discharges
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