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16 Jul 2012

Volume 101, Issue 3, Articles (03xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 033301 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4734240 (5 pages)

Ting-Gang Chen, Bo-Yu Huang, En-Chen Chen, Peichen Yu, and Hsin-Fei Meng
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Electrical properties of the graphitic carbon contacts on carbon nanotube field effect transistors

Masato Tamaoki, Shigeru Kishimoto, Yutaka Ohno, and Takashi Mizutani

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 033101 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4737169 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 July 2012

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Carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNT-FETs) with graphitic carbon (G-C) contacts were fabricated and the electrical properties of the G-C contacts were studied. The CNT-FETs showed p-type conduction in air. However, the conduction type has changed to ambipolar in vacuum after annealing at 200 °C. This suggests that the p-type conduction in air is attributed to the adsorbed oxygen. The barrier heights at the G-C/CNT contacts in vacuum were ∼400 meV for electrons and ∼310 meV for holes. These values suggest that the Fermi level of G-C contacts is located at slightly below the midgap of the CNTs in vacuum.
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85.35.Kt Nanotube devices
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
85.30.Tv Field effect devices

30-kV spin-polarized transmission electron microscope with GaAs–GaAsP strained superlattice photocathode

M. Kuwahara, S. Kusunoki, X. G. Jin, T. Nakanishi, Y. Takeda, K. Saitoh, T. Ujihara, H. Asano, and N. Tanaka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 033102 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4737177 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 July 2012

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A spin-polarized electron beam has been used as the probe beam in a transmission electron microscope by using a photocathode electron gun with a photocathode made of a GaAs–GaAsP strained superlattice semiconductor with a negative electron affinity (NEA) surface. This system had a spatial resolution of the order of 1 nm for at 30 keV and it can generate an electron beam with an energy width of 0.24 eV without employing monochromators. This narrow width suggests that a NEA photocathode can realize a high energy resolution in electron energy-loss spectroscopy and a longitudinal coherence of 3 × 10−7 m.
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85.60.Ha Photomultipliers; phototubes and photocathodes
68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
84.47.+w Vacuum tubes

Synthesis of graphene-based Pt nanoparticles by a one-step in situ plasma approach under mild conditions

Qi Wang, Mingming Song, Changlun Chen, Yu Wei, Xiao Zuo, and Xiangke Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 033103 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4737421 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 July 2012

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Herein, a one-step in situ plasma approach to synthesize the highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles on graphene under mild conditions is reported. The graphene oxide (GO) was transformed into graphene and H2PtCl6 was simultaneously transformed into Pt nanoparticles under argon plasma conditions. The synthesized graphene-based Pt nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The analysis showed that the Pt nanoparticles were deposited on graphene as a form of face-centered cubical structure and the oxygen groups on graphene oxide were partially removed. The results of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis further confirmed the results.
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81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
61.46.Df Structure of nanocrystals and nanoparticles ("colloidal" quantum dots but not gate-isolated embedded quantum dots)
68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra
79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures

Organic-free suspension of large-area graphene

E. Ledwosinska, P. Gaskell, A. Guermoune, M. Siaj, and T. Szkopek

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 033104 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4737415 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 July 2012

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We report an entirely organic-free method to suspend monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapour deposition over 10–20 μm apertures in a Cu substrate. Auger electron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope measurements confirm high quality graphene with no measurable contamination beyond that resulting from air exposure. This method can be used to prepare graphene for fundamental studies and applications where the utmost cleanliness and structural integrity are required.
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82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
61.48.Gh Structure of graphene
78.67.Wj Optical properties of graphene
81.05.ue Graphene
78.30.Na Fullerenes and related materials

First-principles study of hydrogenated carbon nanotubes: A promising route for bilayer graphene nanoribbons

Pengcheng Chen, Yuanchang Li, Chen Si, Jian Wu, Jisoon Ihm, and Wenhui Duan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 033105 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4737427 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 July 2012

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Using combined density functional theory and nonequilibrium Green’s function techniques, we demonstrate that hydrogenated armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes (H-CNTs) can exhibit electronic, magnetic, and transport properties remarkably similar to zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs). Hydrogen atoms break the circumferential periodic boundary condition of CNTs, incising them into two ZGNRs structurally. The staggered stacking ensures these two ZGNRs to be almost decoupled electronically and retain the electronic properties of monolayer ZGNRs. Interestingly, H-CNTs show unique advantages and application prospects over ZGNRs for their bilayer structure and diverse magnetic couplings between spin-polarized edge states.
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61.46.Fg Nanotubes
71.15.Mb Density functional theory, local density approximation, gradient and other corrections
72.25.-b Spin polarized transport
73.22.-f Electronic structure of nanoscale materials and related systems
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures

Eco-friendly electron beam lithography using water-developable resist material derived from biomass

Satoshi Takei, Akihiro Oshima, Takanori Wakabayashi, Takahiro Kozawa, and Seiichi Tagawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 033106 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4737639 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 July 2012

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We investigated the eco-friendly electron beam (EB) lithography using a high-sensitive negative type of water-developable resist material derived from biomass on hardmask layer for tri-layer processes. A water developable, non-chemically amplified, high sensitive, and negative tone resist material in EB lithography was developed for environmental affair, safety, easiness of handling, and health of the working people, instead of the common developable process of trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide. The images of 200 nm line and 800 nm space pattern with exposure dose of 7.0 μC/cm2 and CF4 etching selectivity of 2.2 with hardmask layer were provided by specific process conditions.
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81.16.Rf Micro- and nanoscale pattern formation
81.16.Nd Micro- and nanolithography

Probing the three-dimensional strain inhomogeneity and equilibrium elastic properties of single crystal Ni nanowires

E. Fohtung, J. W. Kim, Keith T. Chan, Ross Harder, Eric E. Fullerton, and O. G. Shpyrko

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 033107 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4737440 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 18 July 2012

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We employ three dimensional x-ray coherent diffraction imaging to map the lattice strain distribution, and to probe the elastic properties of a single crystalline Ni (001) nanowire grown vertically on an amorphous SiO2∥Si substrate. The reconstructed density maps show that with increasing wire width, the equilibrium compressive stress in the core region decreases sharply while the surface tensile strain increases, and gradually trends to a nonzero constant. We use the retrieved projection of lattice distortion to predict the Young’s Modulus of the wire based on the elasticity theory.
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81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity, stress-strain relations
81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep
62.20.D- Elasticity
62.20.de Elastic moduli
62.20.F- Deformation and plasticity
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Fast electrothermally activated micro-positioner using a high-aspect-ratio micro-machined polymeric composite

Gih-Keong Lau, Jiaping Yang, Borriboon Thubthimthong, Nyok-Boon Chong, Cheng Peng Tan, and Zhimin He

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 033108 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4737644 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 18 July 2012

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Recently, silicon electrothermal micro-actuators have been developed for dual-stage micropositioning in hard disk drive. But, silicon with a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) has a shortcoming of requiring a large temperature change (>300 °C) to expand adequately. This letter presented a high-CTE polymer composite to solve the shortcoming of silicon. The polymer composite consists of high-aspect-ratio micro-machined SU-8 thermal expander and silicon thermal conductor. A micro-positioner which embodies the proposed polymer composite can drive a slider to travel fast (>1 kHz) more than a 17 nm-pitch data track under a moderate temperature rise (<100 °C).
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85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices (including tapes, disks, and drums)
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices
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Graphene radio: Detecting radiowaves with a single atom sheet

M. Dragoman, D. Neculoiu, A. Cismaru, G. Deligeorgis, G. Konstantinidis, and D. Dragoman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 033109 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4738762 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 20 July 2012

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We present the experimental evidence of RF demodulation by a graphene monolayer embedded in a coplanar structure. The demodulator was tested in the frequency range from 100 MHz to 25 GHz using amplitude modulated input signals. An input power of 0 dBm (1 mW) was used, which is the typical power emitted for short range wireless communication systems, such as Bluetooth. The graphene demodulator exhibits good signal responsivity in the frequency range associated to industrial, scientific and medical radio band with a peak of 1100 V/W at 3.5 GHz.
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84.40.Ua Telecommunications: signal transmission and processing; communication satellites
89.20.Kk Engineering

Enhanced magnetic anisotropy of Ni nanowire arrays fabricated on nano-structured silicon templates

P. Granitzer, K. Rumpf, T. Ohta, N. Koshida, M. Reissner, and P. Poelt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 033110 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4738780 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 20 July 2012

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The magnetic function of a Ni-nanowire/silicon-template system has been explored in corporation with an advanced process. Arrays of nanopores with a mean diameter of 35 nm have been fabricated by anodization of silicon wafers under an external magnetic field (8 T) perpendicular to the substrate. Due to a guided supply of holes from the substrate during the anodization, well controlled straight nanopores have been formed with a high aspect ratio, and then isolated Ni nanowires have been grown along these nanopores by electrodeposition. The fabricated samples show a significantly enhanced magnetic anisotropy with little crosstalk between adjacent pores.
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75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy
81.15.Pq Electrodeposition, electroplating
61.46.Km Structure of nanowires and nanorods (long, free or loosely attached, quantum wires and quantum rods, but not gate-isolated embedded quantum wires)
75.75.-c Magnetic properties of nanostructures
81.07.Gf Nanowires
75.75.Cd Fabrication of magnetic nanostructures
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