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6 Aug 2012

Volume 101, Issue 6, Articles (06xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 062401 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4730997 (4 pages)

Mahdi Jamali, Kulothungasagaran Narayanapillai, Jae Hyun Kwon, and Hyunsoo Yang
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Highly compliant transparent electrodes

Samuel Shian, Roger M. Diebold, Alena McNamara, and David R. Clarke

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 061101 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4742889 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 6 August 2012

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Adaptive optical devices based on electric field induced deformation of dielectric elastomers require transparent and highly compliant electrodes to conform to large shape changes. Electrical, optical, and actuation properties of acrylic elastomer electrodes fabricated with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and silver nanowires (AgNWs) have been evaluated. Based on these properties, a figure of merit is introduced for evaluating the overall performance of deformable transparent electrodes. This clearly indicates that SWCNTs outperform AgNWs. Under optimal conditions, optical transparency as high as 91% at 190% maximum actuation strain is readily achievable using SWCNT electrodes.
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68.55.at Other materials
78.20.Ci Optical constants (including refractive index, complex dielectric constant, absorption, reflection and transmission coefficients, emissivity)
81.05.Lg Polymers and plastics; rubber; synthetic and natural fibers; organometallic and organic materials
81.16.-c Methods of micro- and nanofabrication and processing

Partially sandwiched graphene as transparent conductive layer for InGaN-based vertical light emitting diodes

Liancheng Wang, Yiyun Zhang, Xiao Li, Zhiqiang Liu, Enqing Guo, Xiaoyan Yi, Junxi Wang, Hongwei Zhu, and Guohong Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 061102 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4742892 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 6 August 2012

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InGaN-based vertical structure light emitting diodes (VLEDs) with multi-layer graphene transparent electrodes with higher optical output have been fabricated and tested. High temperature annealing introduced inter-diffusion of metal atoms and Ga atoms and generated the partially sandwiched graphene structure, which contributed to the performance improvement of VLEDs.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices

Polarized light emission from GaInN light-emitting diodes embedded with subwavelength aluminum wire-grid polarizers

Ming Ma, David S. Meyaard, Qifeng Shan, Jaehee Cho, E. Fred Schubert, Gi Bum Kim, Min-Ho Kim, and Cheolsoo Sone

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 061103 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4744422 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 6 August 2012

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We demonstrate a back-emitting (sapphire-substrate emitting) linearly polarized GaInN light-emitting diode (LED) embedded with a subwavelength-sized aluminum wire-grid polarizer (WGP). Rigorous coupled wave analysis is implemented to study the polarization characteristics of such a WGP LED. The aluminum nanowire grating with a period of 150 nm is located on the sapphire backside of a GaInN LED structure and is fabricated by electron-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma reactive-ion etching. A polarization ratio of 0.96 is demonstrated for a WGP GaInN LED in good agreement with simulation results.
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85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
81.65.Cf Surface cleaning, etching, patterning

Mid-infrared distributed-feedback interband cascade lasers with continuous-wave single-mode emission to 80 °C

C. S. Kim, M. Kim, J. Abell, W. W. Bewley, C. D. Merritt, C. L. Canedy, I. Vurgaftman, and J. R. Meyer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 061104 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4744445 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 6 August 2012

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We report continuous-wave (cw) distributed-feedback interband cascade lasers operating in a single spectral mode (λ = 3.7–3.8 μm) at temperatures between 20 and 80 °C. The first-order gratings were realized by patterning high-index germanium layers on top of narrow ridges with relatively thin top claddings. One device generated over 27 mW of cw single-mode output at 40 °C, with a side-mode-suppression ratio >30 dB, while at 80 °C it still emitted >1 mW. At 20 °C, a second device lased in a single spectral mode with <100 mW of drive power. The tuning range was 21.5 nm with temperature and 10 nm with current.
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42.55.-f Lasers

Scattering performance of plasmonic nanorod antennas in randomly tilted disordered and Fibonacci configurations

A. Rashidi and H. Mosallaei

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 061105 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4738984 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2012

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In this letter, we formulate and investigate the optical performance of finite arrays of plasmonic nanorod antennas in randomly tilted disordered and Fibonacci configurations. To efficiently model the scattering performance of a nanorod, we take advantage of characteristic basis function method in conjunction with macro basis functions. We study how random rotations of the nanorods, as a disorder, may affect their electromagnetic response. Also, the impact of quasi-periodic order on the performance of the array in the form of two-dimensional Fibonacci quasi-lattice comprising of plasmonic nanorods with two different lengths is studied.
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84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories

High-resolution monitoring of wavelength shifts utilizing strong spatial dispersion of guided modes

Yi Wang (王毅), Xiaoguo Jiang (江孝国), Qin Li (李勤), Yuan Wang (王远), and Zhuangqi Cao (曹庄琪)

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 061106 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4740258 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2012

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A prism-coupled metal-dielectric-metal waveguide structure is presented to detect slight variations in wavelength. Strong spatial dispersion ability is exhibited at the guided-mode resonance, which leads to a rapid changing of the reflected beam shift with respect to the light wavelength. It is demonstrated to be an effective way to enlarge the lateral shift of the reflected beam by increasing the guiding layer thickness, which helps to improve the sensitivity of the wavelength-shift monitoring. A wavelength resolution as high as 0.027 pm is achieved in the experiment.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors

Unidirectional launching of surface plasmons with subwavelength metallic gratings around the plasmonic critical angle

Zhonghua Wang, Mingqian Zhang, Jia Wang, Fan Lu, Kun Li, and Anshi Xu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 061107 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4745919 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2012

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We find and verify that unidirectional surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are highly excited by subwavelength metallic gratings with back-side illumination around the plasmonic critical angle (PCA). The conditions and physical origins of the SPP excitation around the PCA are clarified. Moreover, the experimental results support our numerical calculations very well. Potential applications are also suggested.
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73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including excitons, polarons, plasmons and other charge-density excitations)
78.68.+m Optical properties of surfaces
42.79.Dj Gratings
71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions)

Terahertz fingerprinting in presence of quasi-ballistic scattering

Mayank Kaushik, Brian W.-H. Ng, Bernd M. Fischer, and Derek Abbott

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 061108 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4745182 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2012

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Recent years have seen significant advances in material diagnostics and analysis using terahertz (THz) time domain spectroscopy (TDS) and imaging. Despite its widespread application, the interaction between THz radiation and materials with random structure is not yet fully studied. Separation of absorption and scattering is required to extract the true absorption spectra, thus enabling direct comparison with pure samples in a spectral data base for automated recognition. Here, we present a discrete wavelet transform based iterative reconstruction technique that reduces the scattering contribution in THz-TDS measurements, in composites with absorbing constituents that exhibit sharp absorption features.
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78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions
84.40.-x Radiowave and microwave (including millimeter wave) technology
02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis
43.60.Hj Time-frequency signal processing, wavelets
71.15.Dx Computational methodology (Brillouin zone sampling, iterative diagonalization, pseudopotential construction)

Acousto-optic couplings in two-dimensional phoxonic crystal cavities

Q. Rolland, M. Oudich, S. El-Jallal, S. Dupont, Y. Pennec, J. Gazalet, J. C. Kastelik, G. Lévêque, and B. Djafari-Rouhani

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 061109 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4744539 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 9 August 2012

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We investigate the acousto-optic coupling, based on both photo-elastic and opto-mechanical mechanisms, in periodic structures with simultaneous photonic and phononic band gaps. The investigations are focused on a cavity defect in which the strong confinement of acoustic and optic waves enhances the interaction. We calculate the modulation of each photonic mode frequency by each phononic mode confined in the cavity. We compare the strength for the photo-elastic and opto-mechanical effects in the different cases. Both mechanisms can be in phase or out of phase and produce additive or subtractive effects in the total acousto-optic coupling.
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42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
78.20.hb Piezo-optical, elasto-optical, acousto-optical, and photoelastic effects

Nonthermal carrier distributions in the subbands of 2-phonon resonance mid-infrared quantum cascade laser

Andrzej Kolek, Grzegorz Hałdaś, and Maciej Bugajski

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 061110 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4745013 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 10 August 2012

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Nonequilibrium Green’s functions model of mid-infrared quantum cascade laser that utilizes double-phonon resonance scheme is analyzed. Good agreement with experimental data is found. For quantities not accessible experimentally, it is shown that electronic distributions in lower active region subbands are nonthermal and have local maximum at higher in-plane energy. In upper subband, carrier distribution is thermal-like. Upper state lifetime is strongly reduced from optical phonon value by interface roughness and alloy scatterings. Net gain originates from population inversion at subbands bottom which is not suppressed by high-k absorption because of nonparabolicity which shifts absorption peak to lower frequencies.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
02.30.-f Function theory, analysis
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