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13 Aug 2012

Volume 101, Issue 7, Articles (07xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 071104 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4742749 (4 pages)

Judson D. Ryckman and S. M. Weiss
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Grain structure visualization with surface skimming ultrasonic waves detected by laser vibrometry

Bernd Köhler, Martin Barth, Peter Krüger, and Frank Schubert

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 074101 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4745915 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 13 August 2012

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Laser vibrometry was used to visualize the process of ultrasonic wave propagation on a metallic sample surface. We were able to image the material microstructure from a sequence of high resolution laser vibrometric snapshots of the wave field. This information is usually hidden by the large amplitude of the propagating wave, but we were able to extract it by appropriate evaluation of the measured data. The method was applied to an austenitic weld specimen; the grain structure information obtained by this approach strongly resembles metallographic micrographs.
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81.70.Cv Nondestructive testing: ultrasonic testing, photoacoustic testing
42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
43.35.Cg Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in solids; elastic constants
62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids

Local streamline generation by mechanical oscillation in a microfluidic chip for noncontact cell manipulations

Masaya Hagiwara, Tomohiro Kawahara, and Fumihito Arai

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 074102 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4746247 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 14 August 2012

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This paper presents a method to manipulate cells in a microfluidic chip without contact. A local streamline is generated when high-frequency oscillation of the microtool is induced in a microfluidic chip. The streamline can be controlled by tuning the oscillation parameters of the tool, such as the amplitude and phase of the oscillation. Cells then flow in the microchannel in accordance with the streamline, and their position, posture, and trajectories are controlled. Bovine oocyte manipulations, which were attraction, repulsion, and rotation, were conducted to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method without any contact by the oscillation tool.
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87.85.-d Biomedical engineering
07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
47.35.-i Hydrodynamic waves
47.61.Fg Flows in micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nano-electromechanical systems (NEMS)
47.85.Np Fluidics
47.60.Dx Flows in ducts and channels

Optofluidic extraction of particles using a sub-microfiber

Lingshan Li, Hongbao Xin, Hongxiang Lei, and Baojun Li

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 074103 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4747153 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 August 2012

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This work provides an optofluidic particle extraction in a microfluidic channel using a multiple-defect decorated sub-microfiber by injecting a light of 532-nm-wavelength into it. Numerical analysis shows that effective extraction was resulted from the difference between the gradient force exerted on the target 3-μm-diameter polystyrene (PS) particles and the 700-nm diameter PS particles. Further experiments show that 3-μm diameter PS particles in the mixed solution can be trapped around the defects of the sub-microfiber, with the extraction efficiency reaching its maximum of 92% at the fluid velocity of 10 μm/s and the laser power of 0.6 mW.
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07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems
42.62.-b Laser applications
42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices
85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices

Experimental demonstration of the wave squeezing effect based on inductor-capacitor networks

Xiaofei Zang, Jianjie Li, Junfa Mao, and Chun Jiang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 074104 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4747210 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 August 2012

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In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate the wave squeezing effect based on inductor-capacitor transmission line network. The transformation medium for the wave squeezer is mimicked by controlling the parameters of the inductor-capacitor unit cell of the transmission line network. Both numerical simulations and experimental results verify that such device can work within a broad frequency range.
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84.32.Hh Inductors and coils; wiring
84.32.Tt Capacitors
02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis

Zinc diffusion in polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and single-crystal CuInSe2 layers

J. Bastek, N. A. Stolwijk, R. Wuerz, A. Eicke, J. Albert, and S. Sadewasser

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 074105 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4745927 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 August 2012

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The diffusion behavior of Zn in solar-grade Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) is found to be similar to that in epitaxial CuInSe2 (CISe), which indicates that grain boundaries only play a minor role as segregation sites and fast-transport pathways. The diffusivity obeys the Arrhenius equation DZn = 3.8 × 10−3exp(−1.24 eV∕kBT) cm2 s−1. Surprisingly, the 65Zn diffusion profiles obtained by the radiotracer technique exhibit anomalous shapes with a second maximum near the CI(G)Se-substrate interface. The observations may be indicative of an interstitial-substitutional diffusion mechanism.
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88.40.jn Thin film Cu-based I-III-VI2 solar cells
61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.
61.72.jj Interstitials
61.72.U- Doping and impurity implantation

Nonlinear dynamics of inhomogeneous mismatched charged particle beams

R. P. Nunes and F. B. Rizzato

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 074106 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4746395 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 August 2012

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This work analyzes the transversal dynamics of an inhomogeneous and mismatched charged particle beam. The beam is azimuthally symmetric, initially cold, and evolves in a linear channel permeated by an external constant magnetic field. Based on a Lagrangian approach, a low-dimensional model for the description of the beam dynamics has been obtained. The small set of nonlinear dynamical equations provided results that are in reasonable agreement with that ones observed in full self-consistent N-particle beam numerical simulations.
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41.85.-p Beam optics

Polymer film deposition on agar using a dielectric barrier discharge jet and its bacterial growth inhibition

T.-C. Tsai, J. Cho, K. Mcintyre, Y.-K. Jo, and D. Staack

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 074107 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4747806 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 August 2012

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Polymer film deposition on agar in ambient air was achieved using the helium dielectric barrier discharge jet (DBD jet) fed with polymer precursors, and the bacterial growth inhibition due to the deposited film was observed. The DBD jet with precursor addition was more efficient at sterilization than a helium-only DBD jet. On the areas where polymer films cover the agar the bacterial growth was significantly inhibited. The inhibition efficacy showed dependence on the film thickness. The DBD jet without precursor also created a modified agar layer, which may slow the growth of some bacterial strains.
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68.55.am Polymers and organics
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
87.17.Ee Growth and division
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics

Shrunk to femtolitre: Tuning high-throughput monodisperse water-in-oil droplet arrays for ultra-small micro-reactors

Tianzhun Wu, Katsuki Hirata, Hiroaki Suzuki, Rong Xiang, Zikang Tang, and Tetsuya Yomo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 074108 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4746754 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 August 2012

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We report a facile, low-cost, and high-yielding microfluidic technology for in situ generating and arraying water-in-oil droplets by shrinking them to the order of femtolitres (fLs) as scalable batch micro-reactors. Instead of generating ultra-small droplets by the direct atomization, which requires dedicate control and high energy input, we shrink droplets to stable smaller ones by utilizing the controlled water diffusion in oil. This “shrunk to fL” method is combined with a three-dimensional microwell design to create high-density addressable droplet arrays. As the result, scalable, high-throughput, and well-aligned W/O arrays with excellent long-term stability and predicable droplet sizes have been achieved.
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85.85.+j Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) and devices

Tunability of optical memory in ferroelectric liquid crystal containing polyvinylpyrrolidone capped Ni nanoparticles for low power and faster device operation

Puja Goel and Ashok M. Biradar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 074109 (2012); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4746766 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 August 2012

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We demonstrate here tunability of optical memory and faster electro-optic response in ferroelectric liquid crystal dispersed with ferromagnetic nickel nanoparticles. Minute concentration of Ni induced an optical memory at a DC field as small as 2 V owing to the magnetoelectric effect of spin dependent screening. Memory retention period could be tuned by varying DC field and the concentration of nanoparticles as well. Furthermore, there is a remarkable improvement in response time (80%) and rotational viscosity of ferroelectric liquid crystal-Ni mixtures which is attributed to the coupling of strong intrinsic field of Ni nanoparticles with liquid crystal molecular director field.
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42.79.Vb Optical storage systems, optical disks
85.50.Gk Non-volatile ferroelectric memories
42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
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