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28 Jan 2013

Volume 102, Issue 4, Articles (04xxxx)

Issue Cover Spotlight Figure

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 041101 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4777564 (5 pages)

K. Winkler, C. Schneider, J. Fischer, A. Rahimi-Iman, M. Amthor, A. Forchel, S. Reitzenstein, S. Höfling, and M. Kamp
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Effects of anode materials on resistive characteristics of NiO thin films

Ze Jia, Linkai Wang, Naiwen Zhang, Tianling Ren, and Juin J. Liou

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042901 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789523 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 January 2013

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This letter shows that the NiO-based structure with different anodes has different resistive switching properties. A conical conductive filament (CF) model is proposed for oxygen vacancies distributed in NiO films. Modeling analysis reveals much larger dissolution velocity of CF near anodes than near cathodes during the reset process. Different interfaces shown in Auger electron spectroscopy can be bound with the model to reveal that CF is dissolved in the structure with Pt or Au as anodes, while CF remains constant if the anode material is Ti or Al, which can explain whether switching properties occur in the specific NiO-based structures.
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73.40.Rw Metal-insulator-metal structures
79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission
82.45.Fk Electrodes
82.45.Qr Electrodeposition and electrodissolution
82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy (X-ray photoelectron (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), etc.)
61.72.jd Vacancies

Full compensation of oxygen vacancies in EuTiO3 (001) epitaxial thin film stabilized by a SrTiO3 surface protection layer

K. Shimamoto, K. Hatabayashi, Y. Hirose, S. Nakao, T. Fukumura, and T. Hasegawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042902 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789778 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 January 2013

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We fabricated highly insulating EuTiO3 (001) epitaxial thin films capped with SrTiO3 protection layers on SrTiO3 (001) substrates by combining pulsed laser deposition and post-annealing processes. The epitaxial SrTiO3 protection layer played a significant role in compensation of oxygen vacancies in the EuTiO3 thin films by preventing excess oxidation of the films and by “locking” the EuTiO3 perovskite structure in an epitaxial manner from the top during the air-annealing process. The obtained EuTiO3 thin films demonstrated an antiferromagnetic transition at 5.4 K, quantum paraelectricity down to ∼25 K, and a magnetoelectric coupling comparable to that of bulk EuTiO3.
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61.72.jd Vacancies
68.55.aj Insulators
77.55.Nv Multiferroic/magnetoelectric films
75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including classical and quantum magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.)
75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics
75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and thin films

Giant energy density in [001]-textured Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbZrO3-PbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics

Yongke Yan, Kyung-Hoon Cho, Deepam Maurya, Amit Kumar, Sergei Kalinin, Armen Khachaturyan, and Shashank Priya

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042903 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789854 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 28 January 2013

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Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) based compositions have been challenging to texture or grow in a single crystal form due to the incongruent melting point of ZrO2. Here we demonstrate the method for achieving 90% textured PZT-based ceramics and further show that it can provide highest known energy density in piezoelectric materials through enhancement of piezoelectric charge and voltage coefficients (d and g). Our method provides more than ∼5× increase in the ratio d(textured)/d(random). A giant magnitude of d·g coefficient with value of 59 000 × 10−15 m2 N−1 (comparable to that of the single crystal counterpart and 359% higher than that of the best commercial compositions) was obtained.
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81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides, hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and silicides)
81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, post-deformation annealing, quenching, tempering recovery, and crystallization
64.70.dj Melting of specific substances
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects

Polyimide/nanosized CaCu3Ti4O12 functional hybrid films with high dielectric permittivity

Yang Yang, Ben-Peng Zhu, Zhi-Hong Lu, Zi-Yu Wang, Chun-Long Fei, Di Yin, Rui Xiong, Jing Shi, Qing-Guo Chi, and Qing-Quan Lei

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042904 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789504 (5 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 January 2013

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This work reports the high dielectric permittivity of polyimide (PI) embedded with CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) nanoparticles. The dielectric behavior has been investigated over a frequency of 100 Hz-1 MHz. High dielectric permittivity (ε = 171) and low dielectric loss (tan δ = 0.45) at 100 Hz have been observed near the percolation threshold. The experimental results fit well with the Percolation theory. We suggest that the high dielectric permittivity originates from the large interface area and the remarkable Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars effect at percolation in which nomadic charge carriers are blocked at internal interfaces between CCTO nanoparticles and the polyimide matrix.
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81.05.Qk Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites
82.35.-x Polymers: properties; reactions; polymerization
77.55.dj For nonsilicon electronics (Ge, III-V, II-VI, organic electronics)
68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function)

Local probing of the interaction between intrinsic defects and ferroelectric domain walls in lithium niobate

Greg Stone, Donghwa Lee, Haixuan Xu, Simon R. Phillpot, and Volkmar Dierolf

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042905 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789779 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 29 January 2013

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We demonstrate the capability of confocal Raman spectroscopy to characterize nanoscale interactions of defects with ferroelectric domain walls by identifying defect-related frequency shifts in congruent lithium niobate. These shifts resemble those observed for an external field applied anti-parallel to the ferroelectric axis, suggesting a small reduction of the electric polarization. Density functional theory calculations suggest that this reduction results from a change in the intrinsic defect cluster structure and polarization at the domain wall.
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77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

A single crystal lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate multilayer-stacked cryogenic flextensional actuator

Tian-Bing Xu, Laura Tolliver, Xiaoning Jiang, and Ji Su

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042906 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790142 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 January 2013

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A “33” mode single crystal lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate flextensional actuator with large displacement, high load capability, and broad bandwidth was designed, prototyped, and evaluated at temperatures ranging from room temperature to cryogenic temperatures. Measuring 27.4 × 10 × 13.6 mm (height) overall and weighing 9.2 g, the actuator generates a 96.5 μm displacement in the Z-direction at 170 Vrms. The level of displacement remained constant under compressive loads up to 5 kg force. The actuator maintains 66% of its room temperature displacement at −196 °C. The measured displacements matched well with those modeled using ANSYS finite element analysis.
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85.50.-n Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric devices
06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, and displacements)

Remanent-polarization-induced enhancement of photoluminescence in Pr3+-doped lead-free ferroelectric (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 ceramic

Xiangling Tian, Zheng Wu, Yanmin Jia, Jianrong Chen, R. K. Zheng, Yihe Zhang, and Haosu Luo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042907 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790290 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 30 January 2013

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We found that ferroelectric remanent polarization can remarkably enhance the photoluminescence intensity of Pr3+-doped lead-free (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 ceramics. An enhancement in photoluminescence intensity of ∼35% was obtained in the 0.5 mol. % Pr3+-doped sample, attributed to the decrease of crystal symmetry that occurs in poled ferroelectric ceramics. Our results reveal the great potential to enhance the photoluminescence intensity in rare-earth doped ferroelectric ceramics through ferroelectric polarization and to monitor the ferroelectric remanent polarization strength through measuring the photoluminescence spectra. We also found that the threshold of Pr3+ concentration quenching increased in the poled Pr3+-doped lead-free (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 ceramic sample.
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77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments
77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization

Direct shape control of photoreduced nanostructures on proton exchanged ferroelectric templates

Laila Balobaid, N. Craig Carville, Michele Manzo, Katia Gallo, and Brian J. Rodriguez

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042908 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789412 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 31 January 2013

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Photoreduction on a periodically proton exchanged ferroelectric crystal leads to the formation of periodic metallic nanostructures on the surface. By varying the depth of the proton exchange (PE) from 0.59 to 3.10 μm in congruent lithium niobate crystals, the width of the lateral diffusion region formed by protons diffusing under the mask layer can be controlled. The resulting deposition occurs in the PE region with the shallowest PE depth and preferentially in the lateral diffusion region for greater PE depths. PE depth-control provides a route for the fabrication of complex metallic nanostructures with controlled dimensions on chemically patterned ferroelectric templates.
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82.65.+r Surface and interface chemistry; heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces
82.30.Hk Chemical exchanges (substitution, atom transfer, abstraction, disproportionation, and group exchange)
82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane processes
77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
66.30.-h Diffusion in solids
81.07.Bc Nanocrystalline materials

Stress reconfigurable tunable magnetoelectric resonators as magnetic sensors

Jillian Kiser, Peter Finkel, Junqi Gao, Christophe Dolabdjian, Jiefang Li, and D. Viehland

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042909 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789500 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 31 January 2013

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We report a magnetoelastic effect in doubly clamped ferromagnetic magnetostrictive Metglas resonators with electrically and magnetically reconfigurable frequency response. The field-induced resonance frequency shift is due to magnetostrictive strain, which is shown to have a strong dependence on uniaxial stress. Here, we demonstrate that this magnetic field induced behavior can be used as the basis for a simple, tunable, magnetoelectric magnetic field sensor. The effect of tension on the field dependent magnetostrictive constant and the sensor sensitivity is examined, and the equivalent magnetic noise floor of such a sensor is estimated.
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07.55.-w Magnetic instruments and components
85.70.Ec Magnetostrictive, magnetoacoustic, and magnetostatic devices

Two dimensional ferroelectric domain patterns in Yb3+ optically active LiNbO3 fabricated by direct electron beam writing

L. Mateos, L. E. Bausá, and M. O Ramírez

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042910 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790149 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 1 February 2013

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We report on highly controllable ferroelectric domain inversion in Yb3+ doped LiNbO3 laser crystal. The ferroelectric domain patterns are fabricated by direct electron beam writing without any previous masking process. Square lattices of inverted domains with diameters and distance between domains as low as 1 μm are demonstrated. The lateral growth of the inverted domains is analyzed as a function of the applied charge and the threshold values for domains in the 1–10 μm length scale are determined. Spatially resolved low temperature fluorescence spectroscopy and non-collinear second harmonic generation experiments are also employed to evaluate the optical properties of the system.
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77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

An in situ diffraction study of domain wall motion contributions to the frequency dispersion of the piezoelectric coefficient in lead zirconate titanate

Shruti B. Seshadri, Anderson D. Prewitt, Andrew J. Studer, Dragan Damjanovic, and Jacob L. Jones

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 042911 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789903 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 1 February 2013

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The contribution of non-180° domain wall displacement to the frequency dependence of the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient has been determined experimentally in lead zirconate titanate using time-resolved, in situ neutron diffraction. Under subcoercive electric fields of low frequencies, approximately 3% to 4% of the volume fraction of non-180° domains parallel to the field experienced polarization reorientation. This subtle non-180° domain wall motion directly contributes to 64% to 75% of the magnitude of the piezoelectric coefficient. Moreover, part of the 33 pm/V decrease in piezoelectric coefficient across 2 orders of magnitude in frequency is quantitatively attributed to non-180° domain wall motion effects.
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77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis
81.05.Je Ceramics and refractories (including borides, carbides, hydrides, nitrides, oxides, and silicides)
77.84.Cg PZT ceramics and other titanates
77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants
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