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4 Feb 2013

Volume 102, Issue 5, Articles (05xxxx)

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Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 053102 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789442 (5 pages)

P. H. Kim, C. Doolin, B. D. Hauer, A. J. R. MacDonald, M. R. Freeman, P. E. Barclay, and J. P. Davis
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Enhancing the efficiency of SnS solar cells via band-offset engineering with a zinc oxysulfide buffer layer

Prasert Sinsermsuksakul, Katy Hartman, Sang Bok Kim, Jaeyeong Heo, Leizhi Sun, Helen Hejin Park, Rupak Chakraborty, Tonio Buonassisi, and Roy G. Gordon

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 053901 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789855 (5 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 4 February 2013

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SnS is a promising earth-abundant material for photovoltaic applications. Heterojuction solar cells were made by vapor deposition of p-type tin(II) sulfide, SnS, and n-type zinc oxysulfide, Zn(O,S), using a device structure of soda-lime glass/Mo/SnS/Zn(O,S)/ZnO/ITO. A record efficiency was achieved for SnS-based thin-film solar cells by varying the oxygen-to-sulfur ratio in Zn(O,S). Increasing the sulfur content in Zn(O,S) raises the conduction band offset between Zn(O,S) and SnS to an optimum slightly positive value. A record SnS/Zn(O,S) solar cell with a S/Zn ratio of 0.37 exhibits short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) of 19.4 mA/cm2, 0.244 V, and 42.97%, respectively, as well as an NREL-certified total-area power-conversion efficiency of 2.04% and an uncertified active-area efficiency of 2.46%.
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88.40.jp Multijunction solar cells
81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-enhanced CVD, MOCVD, ALD, etc.)
88.40.hj Efficiency and performance of solar cells
88.40.jm Thin film III-V and II-VI based solar cells

In-situ observation of nickel oxidation using synchrotron based full-field transmission X-ray microscopy

Andrew M. Kiss, William M. Harris, Steve Wang, Joan Vila-Comamala, Alex Deriy, and Wilson K. S. Chiu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 053902 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4789991 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 4 February 2013

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An in situ imaging-based approach is reported to study chemical reactions using full-field transmission x-ray microscopy (TXM). Ni particles were oxidized at temperatures between 400 and 850 °C in the TXM to directly observe their morphology change while the chemical composition is monitored by x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy. Reaction rates and activation energies are calculated from the image data. The goal of this effort is to better understand Ni oxidation in electrode materials. The approach developed will be an effective technique for directly studying chemical reactions of particles and their behavior at the nano-scale.
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81.65.Mq Oxidation
82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis
82.80.Ej X-ray, Mössbauer, and other γ-ray spectroscopic analysis methods
61.66.Bi Elemental solids
68.37.Yz X-ray microscopy
78.70.Dm X-ray absorption spectra

Concise and high-fidelity predictive criteria for maximizing performance and robustness of bistable energy harvesters

R. L. Harne, M. Thota, and K. W. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 053903 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4790381 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 5 February 2013

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We employ an analytical model of a harmonically excited bistable vibration energy harvester to determine criteria governing continuous high-energy orbit (HEO) dynamics that maximize harvesting performance. Derivation of the criteria stems from previously unexplored dynamic relationships predicted by the model indicating critical conditions for HEO; experimental evidence of the phenomenon is provided as validation. The criteria are vastly more concise than existing HEO prediction methodology and can more accurately delineate HEO boundaries. This research addresses an essential need to create effective tools for high performance and robust bistable harvester design.
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84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and storage

Experimental demonstration of the equivalence of inductive and strongly coupled magnetic resonance wireless power transfer

David S. Ricketts, Matthew J. Chabalko, and Andrew Hillenius

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 053904 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4788748 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 6 February 2013

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In this work, we show experimentally that wireless power transfer (WPT) using strongly coupled magnetic resonance (SCMR) and traditional induction are equivalent. We demonstrate that for a given coil separation, and to within 4%, strongly coupled magnetic resonance and traditional induction produce the same theoretical efficiency of wireless power transfer versus distance. Moreover, we show that the difference between traditional induction and strongly coupled magnetic resonance is in the implementation of the impedance matching network where strongly coupled magnetic resonance uses the mini-loop impedance match. The mini-loop impedance mach provides a low-loss, high-ratio impedance transformation that makes it desirable for longer distance wireless power transfer, where large impedance transformations are needed to maximize power transfer.
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41.20.Gz Magnetostatics; magnetic shielding, magnetic induction, boundary-value problems

Is thermoelectric conversion efficiency of a composite bounded by its constituents?

Y. Yang, F. Y. Ma, C. H. Lei, Y. Y. Liu, and J. Y. Li

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 053905 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791684 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 7 February 2013

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We analyze the conversion efficiency of a bilayered thermoelectric composite, and conclude that thermoelectric conversion efficiency of a composite is not bounded by its constituents, and can be higher than all its constituents in the absence of size and interface effects. Conditions on constituent phases for enhanced conversion efficiency are also identified, and the upper bound on their conversion efficiency is established. This points to a new route for high efficiency thermoelectric materials.
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84.60.Rb Thermoelectric, electrogasdynamic and other direct energy conversion
72.20.Pa Thermoelectric and thermomagnetic effects
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