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Applied Physics Letters / Volume 102 / Issue 6 / NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 063107 (2013); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4792055 (4 pages)

An optical technique for fast and ultrasensitive detection of ammonia using magnetic nanofluids

V. Mahendran and John Philip

SMARTS, Metallurgy and Materials Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, Tamil Nadu, India

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(Received 23 November 2012; accepted 30 January 2013; published online 12 February 2013)

We report a simple, in-expensive, portable, and ultrasensitive optical sensor for detection of ammonia in parts per million levels using magnetic nanofluids. The sensor produces visually perceptible color changes, in the presence of ammonia, due to the changes in the lattice periodicity of 1-dimensional array of droplets. The penetration of ammonia into the diffused electric double layer around the emulsion droplet causes significant blue shift in the diffracted Bragg peak. The mechanism of the blue shift is probed by measuring the subtle changes in the intermolecular forces in the presence of ammonia. The present approach is useful for online monitoring of ammonia.

© 2013 American Institute of Physics

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KEYWORDS, PACS, and IPC

Keywords

ammonia, drops, emulsions, gas sensors, magnetic fluids, magnetic sensors, nanofluidics, nanosensors, optical sensors, portable instruments, spectral line shift

PACS

  • 07.07.Df

    Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing

  • 07.55.-w

    Magnetic instruments and components

International Patent Classification (IPC)

  • B82B1/00

    Nano-structures

  • G01B9/00

    Instruments as specified in the subgroups and characterised by the use of optical measuring means

  • G01R33/00

    Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables

  • H01F1/44

    Of magnetic liquids, e.g. ferrofluids

ARTICLE DATA

Digital Object Identifier
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4792055

PUBLICATION DATA

ISSN

0003-6951 (print)  
1077-3118 (online)

Publisher

$abstract.society.value is a Member of CrossRef American Institute of Physics

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Figures (4)

Figures (click on thumbnails to view enlargements)

FIG.1
(a) The size distribution of the emulsion. The inset shows the cryo-freeze fracture TEM images of nanoemulsion droplets. (b) The zeta potential of the emulsion. (c), (d) The phase contrast optical microscopic images of droplets without (c) and with (d) magnetic field, respectively. (inset) The photographs of emulsions under similar conditions.

FIG.1 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.2
(a) The Bragg peak for different ammonia concentration. Arrow indicates increasing concentration of ammonia. (b) The Bragg peak wavelength shift as a function of ammonia concentrations.

FIG.2 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.3
The force-distance profiles in the presence of ammonia of four different concentrations (0, 38, 150, and 1500 ppm).

FIG.3 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint

FIG.4
The schematic representation of the emulsion droplets in the presence of ammonia ions and adsorbed surfactant molecules. Diffusion of ammonia into the double layer leads to an increase in the inter-droplet spacing for a given magnetic force leading to a blue shift of Bragg peak. (top to bottom) Low to high ammonium ion concentrations.

FIG.4 Download High Resolution Image (.zip file) | Export Figure to PowerPoint



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