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15 Nov 1967

Volume 11, Issue 10, pp. 301-332


NONMECHANICAL TORQUE‐DRIVEN FLOW OF A FERROMAGNETIC FLUID BY AN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD

R. Moskowitz and R. E. Rosensweig

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 301 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754952 (3 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Flows of ferromagnetic fluids (colloidal suspensions) are obtained by coupling to the suspended single‐domain particles with a rotating magnetic field. It is shown that very high rotation rates are possible by this technique. Nonmechanical torque‐driven flows represent a hitherto unexplored area in the physics of fluids that has interesting potential technological application. A ferromagnetic pump based upon the present principle could be of great value in fluidic systems and open up new applications in space, ocean, biological and other environments.

PHASE‐MATCHED FOUR‐FREQUENCY INTERACTIONS IN CALCITE

W. T. Kavage

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 303 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754953 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Two phase‐matched four‐frequency mixing experiments in calcite are reported: ω0 (6943 Å) + ω1 (8727 Å) = ω2 (1.175 μ) + ω3 (5764 Å) and 2ω0 (6943 Å) = ω2 (8727 Å) + ω3 (5764 Å) where for index matching, θ = 7.40° and 5.25°, respectively.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE NONLINEAR ELASTIC CONSTANTS OF MONOCRYSTALLINE AND POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS OF CUBIC SYMMETRY

Roger Chang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 305 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754986 (4 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The relationships between the third‐order elastic constants of monocrystalline and polycrystalline (quasi‐isotropic, randomly oriented) solids of cubic symmetry are derived according to elastic strain energy balances assuming negligibly small elastic strain energy contribution from mismatching of the grain boundaries. The relationships between the three third‐order isotropic Lamé coefficients (γ1, γ2, γ3, Brugger convention) and the six third‐order single‐crystal elastic constants are given by:
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.Good agreement was found between the experimentally evaluated γ1, γ2, γ3 values and those derived from the above equations using the six third‐order single‐crystal elastic constants for bcc columbium at room temperature.

PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF VITREOUS SILICA IN HIGH‐FREQUENCY ULTRASONIC AND ACOUSTO‐OPTICAL DEVICES

D. B. Fraser, J. T. Krause, and A. H. Meitzler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 308 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754987 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The usefulness of vitreous silica in a variety of high‐frequency ultrasonic and acousto‐optical devices is often limited by the acoustic properties of the material. The purpose of this Letter is to report recent findings on (1) the acoustic loss‐vs‐frequency dependence for shear waves in vitreous silica and (2) the magnitude of the fluctuation in the shear wave phase velocity. Information on the shear wave propagation characteristics is most important for ultrasonic delay line applications for which the shear mode of propagation is predominantley used.

RAYLEIGH SCATTERING IN AN OPTICALLY ANISOTROPIC MEDIUM

J. N. Gayles, A. W. Lohmann, and W. L. Peticolas

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 310 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754989 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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When a plane‐polarized light beam is passed through an anisotropic medium, the extraordinary ray can become retarded or advanced relative to the ordinary ray. This leads to a periodic longitudinal extinction of (λ∕Δn) along the light path which provides a quick accurate visual method for determining the birefringence of a material which is both transparent and a good scatterer of light.

SOUND WAVE INTERACTIONS IN InSb

G. S. Kino and R. Route

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 312 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754990 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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In high‐mobility piezoelectric semiconductors such as InSb, a transverse magnetic field greatly reduces the electron drift velocity required to form an acoustoelectric domain. We have developed a theory which predicts this effect reasonably well. We have also shown that when these materials are used as acoustic amplifiers, the magnetic field reduces the dc power dissipation at maximum acoustic gain to such a large degree that CW amplification of sound waves can easily be achieved.

ON A CURRENT INSTABILITY RESULTING FROM THE DIFFUSION OF HOT ELECTRONS

W. P. Dumke

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 314 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754991 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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An instability of the electron concentration is predicted in a semiconductor with a nearly saturating drift velocity and a diffusion constant which increases with increasing electric field. A small signal analysis shows under what conditions fluctuations of the carrier concentration will be unstable.

CAUSE OF THE ``DARK‐SHEATH'' IN RF PLASMOIDAL DISCHARGES

M. D. Kregel and A. Miller

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 316 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754992 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The ``dark‐sheath'' region in plasmoidal discharges is known to be a high field region, and measurements of the relative emission rates from molecular oxygen ions and neutral oxygen atoms show that only the intensity of the molecular ion lines drop sharply in the ``dark‐sheath.'' It is proposed that the dark‐sheath region occurs because the lifetimes of the excited states of the molecular ions are long enough to permit an appreciable fraction of newly created ions to be swept away by the static electric field prior to radiative de‐excitation.

DOUBLE INJECTION AND HIGH FREQUENCY NOISE IN GERMANIUM DIODES

F. Driedonks, R. J. J. Zijlstra, and C. Th. J. Alkemade

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 318 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754993 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Negative resistance and oscillations were observed in germanium diodes, operating in forward direction. Conductance and noise measurements were done in the post‐negative resistance region, where the current voltage characteristic obeys the cube law for a plasma injected into an insulator. The conductance g shows a transit time effect, and the h.f. noise can be represented by a noise current generator (4kTgΔf)1∕2 in parallel to the device.

HIGH SPEED MEASUREMENT OF TWO‐PHOTON ABSORPTION PROCESSES

E. Panizza

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 319 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754994 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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A new technique useful to set a lower limit for the lifetime of the intermediate state of two‐photon absorption processes is described. The technique is applied to the case of two‐photon absorption in CdS.

MÖSSBAUER SPECTRA BY MEANS OF A VARIABLE‐FREQUENCY ULTRASONIC SPECTROMETER

D. I. Bolef and J. Mishory

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 321 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754995 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The construction and method of operation of a variable‐frequency ultrasonic Mössbauer spectrometer is described. Application is made to the well‐known hyperfine spectrum of Fe57 in a natural iron foil absorber.

HIGH‐POWER MICROWAVE NONLINEAR COUPLING TO ACOUSTIC RESONANCES IN A WARM PLASMA

Jes Asmussen and James B. Beyer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 324 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754996 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The nonlinear high‐power coupling of microwave power to electroacoustic resonances which are at a harmonic of the driving frequency, ω1, is discussed. Experimental results that indicate the existence of this nonlinear coupling are presented, and a one‐dimensional theory which includes the thermal properties of the plasma is briefly developed. The inclusion of the temperature phenomena allows one to explain previously unexplained resonances in harmonic output.

FRONT‐LIGHTED PULSE LASER HOLOGRAPHY

L. D. Siebert

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 326 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754997 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Photographs of holograms made with a single‐mode pulsed ruby laser are shown. Holograms were made of a variety of front‐lighted motion scenes including a fan rotor, jet spray, hand pouring milk from a beaker, and a smoke stream.

FRAGMENT SHAPES PRODUCED BY HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT AND THEIR LUNAR SIGNIFICANCE

Leonard D. Jaffe

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 328 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754998 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Hypervelocity impacts against porous silicates and against polyethylene produced highly irregular fragments with re‐entrant shapes, sometimes rather filamentary. A similar process may operate on the lunar surface.

A LOW‐ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION STUDY OF THE EPITAXIAL SILICON LAYERS ON A Ge(111) SURFACE

Yoshiyuki Takeishi, Isao Sasaki, and Kanji Hirabayashi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 330 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1754999 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Silicon atoms were evaporated onto cleaned and annealed Ge(111) surfaces at a rate of 2 × 1014 atoms∕cm2 min up to 40 min. Analyses of LEED patterns have revealed, on the substrate at 870°K, truncated tetrahedra consisting of reconstructed {311} and (111) planes, which have a 3 × 1 and a 7 × 7 superstructure, respectively. The 3 × 1 superstructure was observed on cleaned and annealed Si(311) surfaces in an independent experiment.
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Erratum: Photoconductivity and Impact Ionization in CdS

Richard S. Crandall

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 332 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755000 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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