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15 Jul 1967

Volume 11, Issue 2, pp. 33-72


EPITAXIAL GROWTH OF GOLD AND SILVER ON MAGNESIUM OXIDE CLEAVED IN ULTRAHIGH VACUUM

P. W. Palmberg, T. N. Rhodin, and C. J. Todd

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 33 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755016 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Single‐crystal, high‐purity films of silver and gold were formed by ultrahigh vacuum deposition on surfaces of magnesium oxide cleaved in vacuum. Epitaxial characteristics were studied in situ at various stages of formation by LEED and on stripped films by electron microscopy and high energy electron diffraction. It is significant that well‐ordered epitaxial (100) Au and (100) Ag films were obtained on untreated MgO surfaces cleaved in UHV. Nucleation at ‐195°C or severe electron bombardment followed by deposition at 200°C produced gold films with (111) fiber‐axis orientations.

RADIATION DAMAGE IN THIN METAL FILMS AT 4.2°K

K. L. Merkle and L. R. Singer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 35 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755017 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The changes in electrical resistance in thin films of gold, copper, and aluminum upon irradiation with heavy charged particles were studied. As a function of dose, there is a steady increase in resistance and a monotonic decrease in the damage rate. A large part of the initial decrease is due to the size effect; however, at higher defect densities the thin film damage rate approaches bulk values.

RELAXATION OF THE 10.6 μ CO2 LASER LEVELS BY COLLISIONS WITH H2

P. K. Cheo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 38 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755018 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Time characteristics of the afterglow gain of a pulsed CO2:H2 laser amplifier were investigated. Evidence shows that a rapid nonradiative transfer of population from the upper to the lower CO2 laser levels occurs at higher H2 pressures (P ≥ 2 torr). An absorption pulse on the order of 1 msec in duration following the initial gain period is attributed to population accumulation (or a bottleneck) at the 0101 level.

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF ACOUSTIC WAVES GENERATED IN PHOTOCONDUCTING CdS IN HIGH ELECTRIC FIELDS

S. Zemon, J. H. Wasko, L. L. Hope, and J. Zucker

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 40 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755019 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Using Brillouin scattering of a 6328 Å He☒Ne laser beam, we have investigated the properties of acoustic shear waves generated in high‐resistivity, photoconducting CdS in high electric fields. The data were analyzed using modifications to the Bragg law valid for birefringent materials. The frequency of maximum acoustic intensity varied as the square‐root of carrier concentration from 150 MHz to 375 MHz.

MULTIPLE STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING FROM A LIQUID WITHIN A LASER CAVITY

A. J. Alcock and C. De Michelis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 42 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755020 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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By inserting a liquid cell between the ruby and the output reflector of a high power, passively Q‐switched ruby laser, marked changes in pulse shape, output power and spectral characteristics were observed. These effects are explained in terms of stimulated Brillouin scattering, from the liquid, effectively replacing reflection from the output mirror above a well‐defined power level. Time‐resolved Fabry‐Perot interferograms confirm this explanation and reveal that the output actually consists of a number of pulses, overlapping in time and corresponding to successive Brillouin orders.

LASER‐INDUCED MICROWAVE SOUND BY SURFACE HEATING

M. J. Brienza and A. J. DeMaria

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 44 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755021 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Microwave sound of discrete frequencies has been generated by the irradiation of a solid with the uniformly spaced, ultrashort optical pulses produced by a mode‐locked Nd:glass laser. The sound, rich in harmonic content, has its fundamental frequency fixed by the repetition frequency of the laser pulses. Believed to be thermally generated in the optical skin depth where the energy is absorbed, the sound has been detected at room temperature up to 2 GHz, the tenth harmonic of the fundamental repetition frequency. Such high harmonic content indicates that the acoustic pulses have rise times significantly less than 1 nsec and demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing ultrashort laser pulses to produce ultrashort acoustic pulses.

QUASI‐CW, HIGH NUMERICAL APERTURE, INDUCTIVELY EXCITED ION LASER

C. B. Zarowin and C. K. Williams

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 47 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755022 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Taking advantage of the wide bandwidth possible with inductive excitation at audio‐frequencies, square‐wave excitation at 2.5 kHz has been employed to obtain laser oscillation of the 4880‐Å ArII transition in a high numerical aperture active medium 1 cm in diam and 15 cm long, without the aid of an axial magnetic field.

OBSERVATION OF PHASE OBJECTS BY OPTICALLY PROCESSED HILBERT TRANSFORM

Serge Lowenthal and Yves Belvaux

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 49 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755023 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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A method for observing phase objects, based on the Hilbert transform is defined. This is achieved by spatial filtering.
The amplitude images obtained are characterized by their high luminosity. The objects are correctly imaged, even if the phase varies slowly (low frequency objects), which is not the case with conventional methods such as the phase contrast and central dark ground methods.
The method also permits easy measurement of geometrical aberrations, for the Hilbert transforms of aberrant wavefronts are more easily interpreted than with the Foucault method.

OPTICAL SUM GENERATION OF THE TWO‐FREQUENCY OUTPUT OF A GIANT PULSE RUBY LASER

Daniel J. Bradley, George Magyar, and Martin C. Richardson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 51 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755024 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The tunable, two‐frequency output of a gain‐switched ruby laser, has been mixed in ADP to generate the sum frequency. A conversion efficiency for sum frequency generation equal to that of SHG has been consistently achieved.

A NEW PHOSPHOR FOR FLYING‐SPOT CATHODE‐RAY TUBES FOR COLOR TELEVISION: YELLOW‐EMITTING Y3Al5O12☒Ce3+

G. Blasse and A. Bril

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 53 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755025 (3 pages) | Cited 92 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The fluorescence of Y3Al5O12☒Ce3+ under cathode‐ray excitation consists of an emission band peaking at 550 nm. The decay time is 0.07–0.08 μsec. In view of these properties this phosphor is very suitable for flying‐spot cathoderay tubes for color television.

HIGH TEMPERATURE RESONANCE LOSSES IN SILICON‐DOPED YTTRIUM—IRON GARNET (YIG)

D. J. Epstein and L. Tocci

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 55 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755026 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The ferrimagnetic resonance linewidth of silicon‐doped YIG, measured as a function of temperature at 13.4 kMHz, is found to show a pronounced peak at 105°C. The anisotropic behavior of this peak is in good agreement with the four‐level valence‐exchange model proposed by Clogston. The model yields for the electron ordering energy a value 5 × 10‐4 eV which agrees closely with the energy deduced from magnetic anneal studies. The activation energy for electron transfer (0.25 eV) is virtually identical with values reported in investigations of electrical conductivity and acoustic loss.

THE FORMATION OF THE MACROVORTEX STRUCTURE IN HARD SUPERCONDUCTORS

Y. Iwasa and J. E. C. Williams

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 58 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755028 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Measurements of the field at the surface of a magnetized hard superconducting wire have shown that the application of a local perturbation precipitates the sequential formation of a spatially periodic magnetization (macrovortex structure) along the axis of the wire.

GAIN SATURATION FLUX AND STIMULATED EMISSION CROSS SECTION FOR THE 10.6 μ LINE OF CO2

David F. Hotz and Joseph W. Austin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 60 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755029 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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See Also: Erratum

Show Abstract
Gain saturation for the 10.6 μ transition of CO2 has been measured in a single‐pass configuration and the saturation flux found to be (22±2) W∕cm2. Knowledge of the saturation flux and the inversion production rate provides an estimate of 3 × 10‐18 cm2 for the stimulated emission cross section of the transition.

ON THE EXPLANATION OF THE SO‐CALLED CN LASER

David R. Lide and Arthur G. Maki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 62 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755030 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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It is shown that the major features of the far‐infrared ``CN laser'' are due to the HCN molecule. The intense line at 337 μ and other nearby lines are explained as transitions involving the 1110 and 0400 vibrational states, which are mixed by a Coriolis perturbation. The mechanism of the laser is discussed.

PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF LASER‐INDUCED PRESSURE IMPULSES IN LIQUIDS

E. F. Carome, E. M. Carreira, and C. J. Prochaska

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 64 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755031 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Shadow photography techniques have been used to study various effects produced in transparent liquids by the focused beam from a Q‐spoiled ruby laser. The intense spherical acoustic transients generated in water and other pure liquids when dielectric breakdown occurs have been examined. In solutions of benzanthracene in benzene, in which other workers have detected two‐photon absorption, a linear region is strongly affected by the laser beam and cylindrical acoustic disturbances have been observed.

NUCLEATION OF CRYSTALS IN MULTILAYER METALLIC ADSORBATES

R. D. Gretz and G. M. Pound

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 67 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755032 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The adpopulations of zinc, cadmium, nickel, and gold which are critical for appreciable nucleation rate of crystallites on clean tungsten field emitter tips have been measured. These critical adconcentrations range from 1.1 monolayers for cadmium to 3.7 monolayers for nickel and are independent of temperature from 75°K to above room temperature. This phenomenon can be described by none of the existing theories of heterogeneous nucleation.

THERMOELASTIC STRESS PULSES RESULTING FROM PULSED ELECTRON BEAMS

R. A. Graham and R. E. Hutchison

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 69 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755033 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Measurements of the elastic stress pulses induced by the absorption of intense 2‐MeV electron pulses in disks of quartz, sapphire, silicon, and an aluminum alloy are reported. The relative stress amplitudes and pulse durations agree with those predicted from the thermoelastic characteristics of the absorbers and the properties of the electron pulse.
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Erratum: Enhancement in a Ho3+☒Yb3+ Quantum Counter by Energy Transfer

L. Esterowitz, J. Noonan, and J. Bahler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 72 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755034 (1 page) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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