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1 Oct 1967

Volume 11, Issue 7, pp. 213-244


LASER POWER STABILIZATION BY MEANS OF NONLINEAR ABSORPTION

R. H. Pantell and J. Warszawski

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 213 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755104 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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If a medium with an absorption constant that increases with light intensity is placed within a laser interferometer, then fluctuations in the power output of the laser can be decreased. In this manner the typical spiking behavior of a pulsed, solid‐state laser can be essentially reduced to a constant output power as a function of time. A material that has the desired property is one that is Rayleigh active, for once threshold is reached for the stimulated Rayleigh effect the absorption at the pump frequency increases with intensity. The threshold for the stimulated Rayleigh effect is low because most of the gain is provided by the laser medium. Spike suppression has been achieved for a pulsed ruby laser by placing a cell containing benzene within the laser interferometer.

TWO‐PHOTON EXCITATION OF FLUORESCENCE BY PICOSECOND LIGHT PULSES

J. A. Giordmaine, P. M. Rentzepis, S. L. Shapiro, and K. W. Wecht

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 216 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755105 (3 pages) | Cited 151 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Standing wave excitation of two‐photon fluorescence in solutions or organic molecules is reported. The observations allow the direct display and measurement of optical pulses as short as 1−2 × 10−2 sec.

PICOSECOND LIGHT PULSE DISPLAY USING TWO DIFFERENT OPTICAL FREQUENCIES

P. M. Rentzepis and M. A. Duguay

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 218 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755106 (3 pages) | Cited 41 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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A new technique for the display and measurement of picosecond light pulses is demonstrated. Two picosecond pulses, of different optical frequencies, are sent on a collision course in a liquid. They produce strong two‐photon fluorescence only in the region where they overlap. This results in the direct display of the pulse shapes over a very weak background. In a different arrangement, the two pulses enter the liquid collinearly and simultaneously, and initially generate strong two‐photon fluorescence. Subsequently, as the pulses propagate through the liquid, dispersion causes one pulse to overtake the other and the two‐photon fluorescence diminishes. This results in a magnified display of the pulses.

TWO‐PHOTON ABSORPTION IN ALKALI HALIDES WITH A PULSED N2 LASER

M. Geller, D. E. Altman, and T. A. DeTemple

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 221 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755107 (2 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Two‐photon absorption has been observed in alkali halide crystals with a 1 MW superradiant pulse at 3371 Å from a nitrogen gas laser. This multiple quantum process is equivalent to a single‐photon absorption in the fundamental absorption edge of the alkali halide with the formation of an exciton and its subsequent trapping at an imperfection to form an F center. The crystals were visibly colored in the regions of high laser flux density. These colored regions, similar to color centers produced by ultraviolet radiation in the exciton region, were bleached by radiation in the F center absorption band.

THE DETECTION OF VACANCIES IN MOLYBDENITE

G. L. Montet

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 223 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755108 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The etch‐decoration method developed to detect lattice vacancies in graphite has been extended to the detection of lattice vacancies in molybdenite. Observations indicate that vacancies occur at sites from which a molybdenum atom is missing and that etch pits developed from these vacancies may be several layers deep; however, gold decoration can reveal step heights one layer deep (6.15 Å).

HOLOGRAPHY WITH TOTAL INTERNALLY REFLECTED LIGHT

Karl A. Stetson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 225 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755109 (2 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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This Letter reports a new technique for making holograms which employs a reference beam that is totally reflected from the air emulsion boundary of the hologram plate. This type of recording permits a very close spacing between the object and the hologram and has several interesting properties. The properties are listed and discussed in this Letter.

INTERPRETATION OF HALL EFFECT DATA IN PbS POLYCRYSTALLINE FILMS

John L. Davis and R. F. Greene

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 227 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755110 (1 page) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The existence of a space‐charge layer on the surfaces of the crystallites in PbS photoconducting films is considered. Estimates indicate that observed Hall coefficients may be due to the surface layers rather than to low carrier concentration in the crystallites.

OPTICAL SECOND‐HARMONIC GENERATION PRODUCED BY INTERACTION OF LASER BEAMS AND DRIFTING CARRIERS IN InAs

J. H. McFee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 228 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755111 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Second‐harmonic generation (λ = 5.3 μ) is observed when dc fields and CO2 laser beams are applied simultaneously to narrow band‐gap semiconductors. The nonlinear mechanism responsible for the dc‐induced second harmonic is shown to be a mobile‐carrier effect, and is ascribed to the nonparabolicity of the conduction bands. The possible application of this effect to the modulation of optical beams is indicated.

THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING IN QUARTZ

W. Heinicke and G. Winterling

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 231 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755112 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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The threshold power for stimulated Brillouin scattering has been measured from 5° to 300°K in crystalline and fused quartz. There is only a small dependence on temperature. Further threshold measurements in 10 different substances show that instead the threshold depends on the photoelastic properties of the medium. Both facts were predicted by Kroll's dynamical theory. The threshold for stimulated Raman scattering, however, may be strongly temperature dependent as demonstrated for calcite.

FERROELECTRIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF KSr2Nb5O15

E. A. Giess, Gerald Burns, D. F. O'Kane, and A. W. Smith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 233 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755113 (2 pages) | Cited 31 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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A new transparent tetragonal crystal, KSr2Nb5O15, of the tungsten bronze type has been found to be ferroelectric with a Curie temperature of ≈160°C. At room temperature the electro‐optic coefficient, r∥, is 1.3 × 10−8 cm∕V and ϵ∥ is approximately 1,000.

THE RELATION BETWEEN STRESS AND STRAIN IN MULTIAXIAL DEFORMATIONS OF ELASTOMERS

W. D. Hutchinson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 235 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755114 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Using appropriate force and displacement parameters it is shown that the response of elastomers in multiaxial stress fields is identical to their response to uniaxial stresses. These parameters were chosen from consideration of the molecular model assumed in the theory of Kuhn and Grun [Koll. Z., 101, 248 (1942)]. The required force is established to be given by ∣σ∣ = (math12+math22+math32)1/2 where the quantities mathi are the forces along orthogonal axes on the deformed cross‐sectional area; the displacement is given by ∣e∣ = (e12 + e22 + e32)1∕2 where the quantities ei are the strains along three orthogonal axes. The angle between the force and displacement vectors is found to be independent of the axiality of the stress field.

OPTICAL PULSE COMPRESSION USING BRAGG SCATTERING BY ULTRASONIC WAVES

M. B. Schulz, M. G. Holland, and L. Davis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 237 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755115 (4 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Pulse compression using Bragg scattering of light by an acoustic beam has been demonstrated. An ultrasonic delay line containing a frequency ramp signal is used to scatter monochromatic diverging light. If the incident and divergence angles are properly adjusted, the scattered light is focused and rapidly traverses a slit in front of a photodetector. A 1.16‐GHz, 2‐μsec pulse has been compressed to 18 nsec. Five‐nanosecond compressed pulses should be possible with this scheme.

PULSE COMPRESSION BY BRAGG DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT WITH MICROWAVE SOUND

J. H. Collins, E. G. H. Lean, and H. J. Shaw

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 240 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755116 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Pulse compression of a 240‐nsec rf pulse, swept linearly over 75 MHz about 1400 MHz, has been accomplished. The method is dependent on self‐focusing associated with Bragg diffraction of light by chirped shears waves in optically anisotropic sapphire. Realization of time bandwidth products exceeding 1000, with built‐in side lobe suppression, are predicted.

EFFECTS OF INTERNAL INDUCED ABSORPTION ON LASER EMISSION

J. Schwartz, C. S. Naiman, and R. K. Chang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 11, 242 (1967); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1755117 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 30 November 2004

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Nonlinear materials having induced absorption within a laser yield effects that contrast with bleachable absorbers. Prolonged giant pulses with greater spatial homogeneity have been observed. Mechanisms for induced absorption are suggested, with a simple model of nonlinear effects on laser emission.
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