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1 Mar 1968

Volume 12, Issue 5, pp. 161-208


THE EPITAXY OF COPPER ON SAPPHIRE

Gerald Katz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 161 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651935 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Epitaxial twinned single‐crystal films of copper have been grown on sapphire substrates by high vacuum evaporation in the temperature range 240–‐375°C. The presence of a twin relationship in copper deposited on the basal plane of sapphire was demonstrated and evaluated by x‐ray diffraction techniques. The epitaxy has been shown to be (111)Cu ∥ (0001)α−Al2O3; [211)Cu ∥ [2110]α−Al2O3. The films have been found to exhibit the bulk metal resistivity.

TUNNELING INTO AMORPHOUS GERMANIUM FILMS

A. Nwachuku and M. Kuhn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 163 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651936 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Electron tunneling into amorphous germanium films was studied using Al☒Al2O3☒Ge tunnel junctions. A ``conductance well'' was observed, which is related to the band edges of the amorphous germanium film and its surface potential. Structure in the conductance well is interpreted as tunneling into gap states. The results suggest tunneling as a possible tool for the study of band structure in amorphous materials.

SELF‐TRAPPING IN MEDIA WITH SATURATION OF THE NONLINEAR INDEX

T. K. Gustafson, P. L. Kelley, R. Y. Chiao, and R. G. Brewer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 165 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651937 (4 pages) | Cited 38 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Numerical solutions of the nonlinear wave equation show that the steady‐state self‐trapping of optical beams in molecular fluids exhibits new characteristics when the intensity‐dependent index (orientational Kerr effect) begins to saturate. The power dependence of the beam diameter and the radial electric field distribution are examined. Beam diameters less than the wavelength of light are predicted for CS2 in the saturation regime.

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE WATER‐VAPOR LASER LINES

B. Hartmann and B. Kleman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 168 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651938 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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It is suggested that a main part of the water‐vapor laser spectrum consists of transitions in the interacting 2v2, v3, and v1 states of H2O. The considered transitions are essentially of a pure rotation nature. Tentative assignments are made for 19 of the previously known laser lines.

IDENTIFICATION OF WATER‐VAPOR LASER LINES

W. S. Benedict

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 170 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651939 (4 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Twenty five laser lines in water vapor are identified as transitions between known vibration‐rotation levels. The mechanism is discussed: The initiating factor is a weak perturbation involving close resonance between levels of the bending overtone and the stretching fundamentals. Three resonances account for most of the strongest lines: 020, 550 ↔ 100, 514, at 4050 cm−1, 020, 661 ↔ 001, 633, at 4408 cm−1, and 020, 844 ↔ 100, 808 at 4387 cm−1 above the zero level. The 2527952.8 MHz line is assigned to 001, 642 → 020, 661.

MOLECULAR LEVEL PARAMETERS AND PROPOSED IDENTIFICATIONS FOR THE CW WATER‐VAPOR LASER

M. A. Pollack and W. J. Tomlinson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 173 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651940 (4 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Measurements of ∣ΔJ∣, effective magnetic moments, and natural linewidths were made for most of the CW lines in H2O and D2O lasers. Using these results, previous results on couplings between the various CW lines, and published experimental data on the energy levels of H2O, identifications have been proposed for most of the CW lines as vibrational‐rotational and pure rotational transitions in the J = 5 and J = 6 levels of the (100), (020), and (001) vibrational states of H2O.

BANDWIDTH REDUCTION OF HOLOGRAM TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS BY ELIMINATION OF VERTICAL PARALLAX

D. J. De Bitetto

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 176 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651941 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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A technique is described which reduces the bandwidth required for holographic data transmission by eliminating vertical parallax. This is accomplished by transmitting only the information in a thin horizontal strip of a conventional hologram. The receiver is required to reproduce many identical copies of this strip hologram, and present them simultaneously in a vertical array for viewing. Horizontal parallax and a panoramic three‐dimensional view are preserved. Experimental results of feasibility tests are described.

MODE‐LOCKED PULSE GENERATION IN PASSIVELY SWITCHED LASERS

J. A. Fleck

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 178 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651942 (4 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The behavior of a passively switched laser is described by a set of partial differential equations, which are integrated numerically. For short upper‐state lifetimes of the absorbing medium, the calculated output of the laser is a train of narrow pulses. Pulses occur either singly or in multiples during the roundtrip time 2L∕c, depending on whether the absorber is near one mirror or at an intermediate position.

VARIABLE TIME COMPRESSION, EXPANSION, AND REVERSAL OF RF SIGNALS BY LASER‐ACOUSTIC TECHNIQUES

M. J. Brienza

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 181 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651943 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Continuously variable time compression, expansion, and inversion, with the corresponding changes in frequency, of rf signals in the range of 10 to 100 MHz, are described. By using a simple optical heterodyning technique and high‐speed scanning of a laser beam, an rf signal, ``stored'' as an acoustic signal in a quartz bar, can be processed or ``read out'' in a variety of ways. Although present equipment has limited the amount of processing and frequency range of the signals that can be handled, it is felt that input signal frequencies are restricted only by the acoustic properties of the delay medium and the output frequencies will be limited by the response of the photodetector.

A DEMONSTRATION OF LASER PUMPING USING A COMPRESSED GAS LIGHT SOURCE

James A. Dowling, Jack Shumsky, Jerome Eckerman, Robert E. Schlier, and Paul Kisatsky

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 184 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651944 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Xenon gas has been compressively heated to temperatures of from 8000 to 15,000°K in a ballistic compressor system. Brightness measurements of the light pulses produced indicate blackbody radiation at these temperatures. The radiation has been coupled into a neodymium‐doped glass laser rod with resulting laser action. The system affords a direct transfer of mechanical energy into pumping radiation without the necessity of intermediate energy storage devices.

ALPHA‐IODIC ACID: A SOLUTION‐GROWN CRYSTAL FOR NONLINEAR OPTICAL STUDIES AND APPLICATIONS

S. K. Kurtz, T. T. Perry, and J. G. Bergman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 186 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651945 (3 pages) | Cited 45 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The linear and nonlinear optical properties of α‐HIO3 have been measured in the visible and near‐infrared. Phase‐matched second harmonic generation is shown to occur for both parallel and orthogonal input polarizations. The observed phase‐matching surfaces are in agreement with theory. In addition, (a) large single crystals of high optical quality are easily grown from water solution; (b) the measured nonlinear coefficient d14 is slightly larger than d31 in LiNbO3; and (c) no ``optical damage'' effects occur at high power densities. Preliminary results indicate that a substantial number of iodates exhibit similar nonlinear optical properties.

CONTROLLED GENERATION OF INTENSE LIGHT PULSES IN REVERSE‐PUMPED RAMAN LASERS

W. H. Culver, J. T. A. Vanderslice, and V. W. T. Townsend

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 189 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651946 (2 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Narrow pulses have been generated in a reverse‐pumped Raman laser containing H2. The output from a Q‐switched ruby laser was focused into a H2 cell and converted into pulses with halfwidths of 3 × 10−10 sec at 9755 Å.

STUDY OF OPTICAL DIFFERENCE MIXING IN Ge AND Si USING A CO2 GAS LASER

J. J. Wynne and G. D. Boyd

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 191 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651947 (2 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Measurements are made of the nonlinear optical effect third order in electric field strength in Ge and Si using a CO2 laser operating at 10.6 μ and 9.2 μ. The effect is due to bound electrons and is described by a fourth‐rank electric susceptibility tensor. The crystals show anisotropy in the nonlinear coefficients whose absolute values are consistent with Miller's phenomenological theory. Comparison is made with the measured values of calcite.

COHERENT FLUORESCENCE FROM ZINC SULFIDE EXCITED BY TWO‐PHOTON ABSORPTION

S. Wang and C. C. Chang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 193 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651948 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Emission of coherent radiation was observed from ZnS which was excited through two‐photon absorption of radiation from a giant‐pulse ruby laser. The spectral width decreased from 75 to 12.8 Å above a threshold ruby‐laser power of 35 MW∕cm2. Photographic pictures showed a beam divergence of less than 1°.

GENERATION OF HIGH‐REPETITION‐RATE OPTICAL PULSES BY A He☒Ne LASER

Junzo Hirano and Tatsuya Kimura

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 196 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651949 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Two methods to obtain higher multiple bit rate optical pulses from a laser are described, namely a mode‐quenching method and a FM perturbation method. Optical pulses up to 600 Mbit∕sec were experimentally obtained with a He☒Ne laser. A tentative explanation of the occurrence of multiple bit pulses in the second method without mode quenching is given.

MEASUREMENT OF X RAYS AS A FUNCTION OF MASS IN THE THERMAL FISSION OF U235

E. M. Bohn, B. W. Wehring, and M. E. Wyman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 199 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651950 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Characteristic K x rays from thermal neutron fission of U235 were studied as a function of the fission fragment mass. With a NaI (Tl) detector viewing the first 1 cm of fragment paths, x rays in coincidence with fission were recorded together with the fragment energies as detected by silicon surface‐barrier detectors. Results are reported for yields of K x rays as a function of fragment mass. The most probable charge for various masses is estimated.

RESISTANCE MONITORING AND EFFECTS OF NONADHESION DURING ELECTROMIGRATION IN ALUMINUM FILMS

R. Rosenberg and L. Berenbaum

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 201 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651951 (4 pages) | Cited 76 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Resistance monitoring has been used to follow structural changes during electromigration in aluminum films. Two stages of migration were found, the first corresponding to gross mass transport, the second to void growth and stripe failure. An activation energy for the first stage was determined to be 0.5–0.6 eV from change‐in‐rate, change‐in‐temperature tests, indicating boundary diffusion. Transmission electron microscopy showed voids existing in areas of thinned aluminum. Corollary work on aluminum stripes on NaCl substrates showed nonadhesion to be a strong contributor to void formation, suggesting the possibility that the thinned regions were caused by hot spots at sites of nonadhesion.

FOCUSING OF A LASER BEAM BY AN ACTIVE CdS OSCILLATOR

W. C. Wang and P. Das

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 204 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651952 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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A strong lens effect has been experimentally observed when the electric field inside a CdS plate is so adjusted that strong quasi‐standing ultrasonic waves are set up inside the crystal. Physical understanding of the observed phenomena and possible device applications are discussed.

STIMULATED EMISSION FROM 19 POLYMETHINE DYES‐LASER ACTION OVER THE CONTINUOUS RANGE 710–1060 mμ

Yasushi Miyazoe and Mitsuo Maeda

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 206 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651953 (3 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Stimulated emission from 19 polymethine dyes pumped by a Q‐switched ruby laser is reported in this Letter. High power laser emission (>1 MW) has been obtained over the whole wavelength range from 710 mμ to 1060 mμ.
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ERRATUM: Localized Vibrational Modes of Li and P Impurities in Germanium

A. E. Cosand and W. G. Spitzer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 208 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1651954 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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