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1 Jul 1968

Volume 13, Issue 1, pp. 3-47


NUCLEATION DENSITY AND EPITAXY OF GOLD DEPOSITED ONTO COLOR‐CENTERED CLEAVAGE SURFACE OF ROCKSALT

Tadao Inuzuka and Ryuzo Ueda

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 3 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652445 (2 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The vacuum deposition of gold upon the color‐centered surface of NaCl produced by x‐ray irradiation is described. The increase of nucleation density and the enhancement of (100) parallel orientation are observed. It appeared that these findings in experimental results compared with the phenomena on the normal cleavage surface were attributable to the effects of point imperfections produced. A lowering of epitaxial temperature is also observed. The controlled production of imperfections on the surface by irradiation has a critical effect upon the nucleation and epitaxial growth.

SATURATION AND THE TRANSIENT NUTATION EFFECT

James D. Macomber

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 5 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652454 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The relationship between the spectrum of an ensemble saturated by coherent radiation and the forced transient response of that ensemble to the saturating field is derived. An experiment equivalent to the optical analog of the transient nutation effect is proposed.

RECONSTRUCTION OF A THREE‐DIMENSIONAL MICROSCOPIC SAMPLE USING HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES

Louis Toth and Stuart A. Collins

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 7 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652455 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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A three‐dimensional microscopic sample is recorded holographically using a high numerical aperture but not necessarily perfect lens. The volume sample is reconstructed using the same lens and is viewed using an ordinary microscope. The technique claims a virtually aberration‐free reconstruction image of a volume much larger than that observable with a single positioning of a high magnification objective.

EVIDENCE OF LONGITUDINAL MAGNETOELASTIC WAVES IN YIG RODS

P. de Santis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 9 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652456 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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A magnetoelastic mode has been experimentally observed in an obliquely magnetized YIG rod under two port operation conditions.
It is interpreted to be due to axially propagating waves relative to the lower branch of the magnon‐longitudinal phonon dispersion curve.

DETERMINATION OF SURFACE COMPOUND FORMATION BY BACKSCATTER MÖSSBAUER SPECTROSCOPY

J. H. Terrell and J. J. Spijkerman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 11 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652437 (3 pages) | Cited 33 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The detection and identification of a surface compound formation on a steel surface was made using a backscatter Mössbauer effect technique. The compound was identified as β‐FeOOH from Mössbauer effect parameters of iron oxide and oxy‐hydroxide compounds. An estimate of the compound thickness is given based on a calculation of the backscatter amplitude versus distance into the sample. This technique can be used to identify corrosion products on the surface of iron bearing materials.

ATTENUATION OF ELASTIC SURFACE WAVES IN QUARTZ AT FREQUENCIES OF 316 MHz AND 1047 MHz

E. Salzmann, T. Plieninger, and K. Dransfeld

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 14 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652438 (2 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The attenuation of elastic surface waves in crystalline quartz at frequencies of 316 MHz and 1047 MHz has been measured as a function of temperature between 4.2°K and 300°K. At temperatures below 30°K the absorption per cm was found to follow a T4 law with an approximately linear frequency dependence. At the higher temperatures the absorption varied as ω2 and was independent of temperature. The surface waves were detected by direct piezoelectric transduction and by a new optical method.

THE METALLOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE OF CONTINUOUS VAPOR DEPOSITED SiC FILAMENTS

R. P. I. Adler, L. C. McCandless, R. E. Heffelfinger, and D. K. Lanstrom

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 16 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652439 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Although the microstructure of continuous SiC filaments can be controlled by regulating the deposition temperature, the relative concentrations of the reactant gases, and the number of plating chambers, additional microstructural features present in the filaments are due to inherent, localized thermal effects in the plating chambers.

SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION IN LiNbO3 BY PICOSECOND PULSES

S. L. Shapiro

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 19 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652440 (3 pages) | Cited 33 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Short pulses emitted by a Nd:glass laser were passed through LiNbO3 crystals to produce SHG (second harmonic generation) of tunable duration. The duration of the SHG pulse was tuned between 1.5 psec and 9 psec by varying the length of the LiNbO3 crystals.

ACOUSTICAL HOLOGRAPHY OF NONEXISTENT WAVEFRONTS DETECTED AT A SINGLE POINT IN SPACE

A. F. Metherell and S. Spinak

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 22 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652441 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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An experiment is described in which a hologram is recorded by scanning the source and having the detector stationary. The resulting ``scanned source'' hologram is shown to be identical to the conventional ``scanned detector'' hologram. The significance of this experiment is that it demonstrates: (1) that sampled holograms of an object can be recorded at a single point in space with either a scanning source or an array of sources; (2) that the object wavefront need not actually exist in space but may be geometrically synthesized; (3) that the object may be illuminated by a changing rather than stationary wave field. The interesting possibilities which this configuration gives rise to are briefly discussed.

ANISOTROPIC THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF ELECTRON‐IRRADIATED CdS

Frederick L. Vook

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 25 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652442 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Measurements of the low temperature thermal conductivity of electron‐irradiated CdS were made on irradiation and annealing. The measurements show that primary defects move at temperatures as low as 35°K in CdS. After annealing above 60°K, an anisotropic thermal conductivity is developed which is attributed to the formation of anisotropic phonon scatterers. The preferred orientation of the anisotropic defects is along the c axis, and the equilibrium energy difference for reorientation is ∼1.5 × 10−3 eV.

MAGNETIC PARAMETRIC NUCLEAR SPIN SATURATION

W. H. Tanttila, R. J. Mahler, and L. W. James

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 27 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652443 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Parametric magnetic Δm = ±2 nuclear spin transitions are observed when an rf magnetic field at the frequency (Em−2 − Em)∕h is applied parallel to a large, externally applied, magnetic field in a ruby crystal where the symmetry axis of the cylindrically symmetric electric field gradient tensor (the c axis in ruby) is perpendicular to the external magnetic field.

ON THE IONIZATION STATE OF FIELD EVAPORATED ATOMS AS MEASURED IN THE FIM‐ATOM PROBE

S. S. Brenner and J. T. McKinney

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 29 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652444 (4 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Experiments to test the performance of an FIM‐atom probe have yielded data on the charge state of field‐evaporated atoms from clean tungsten and iridium surfaces. These data are presented and discussed in the light of current ideas about the process of field evaporation.

DISLOCATION ENERGY LEVEL IN SILICON FROM DISLOCATION VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

J. R. Patel and H. L. Frisch

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 32 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652446 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The energy of the dislocation acceptor level in silicon has been determined from dislocation velocity measurements in n‐doped silicon using a model proposed earlier, in which the velocity is proportional to the charge on a dislocation. The dislocation level Es = 1.2±.2 eV above the valence band lies close to the conduction band edge in silicon. The proximity of Es to the conduction band is consistent with the observation that p doping at levels as high as 8 × 1019 cm−3 of acceptors has little or no influence on dislocation velocity.

DETERMINATION OF THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POLARITY OF CdS BY ION SCATTERING

W. H. Strehlow and David P. Smith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 34 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652447 (2 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The crystallographic polarity along the [0001] direction of wurtzite CdS single crystals was determined by ion scattering. The energy distributions of 2‐keV He+ ions scattered from the polar surfaces of CdS show this method to be very sensitive for distinguishing between the (0001)Cd and (0001)S face.

RELATIVE SIGNS OF THE OPTICAL NONLINEAR COEFFICIENTS d31 AND d22 IN LiNbO3

J. E. Bjorkholm

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 36 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652448 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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It has been found that the optical nonlinear coefficients d31 and d22 in LiNbO3 are of opposite sign, in disagreement with an earlier report by others. This is an important consideration for optimizing nonlinear optical interactions in LiNbO3.

MICROWAVE SCATTERING FROM ANISOTROPIC PLASMA TURBULENCE

V. L. Granatstein

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 37 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652449 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Microwaves are scattered from an under‐dense turbulent plasma. The plasma fluctuations are induced by the strong flow of gas through a discharge tube. The variation of scattered power as a function of scattering angle and angle of incidence is shown to be consistent with the spectral content of the plasma fluctuations as resolved by electrostatic probes provided that the turbulence is anisotropic with thin eddies stretched along the flow axis. An independent check for the existence of this anisotropy is obtained by observing that the backscattered signal becomes increasingly depolarized as grazing incidence is approached.

X‐RAY DYNAMICAL DIFFRACTION EFFECTS OF OXIDE FILMS ON SILICON SUBSTRATES

J. R. Patel and Norio Kato

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 40 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652450 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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X‐ray dynamical diffraction effects due to thin oxide films on silicon substrates have been examined. Contraction of Pendellösung fringes have been observed in x‐ray topographs, due to strains introduced by the oxide film. Using the dynamical theory of x rays in distorted crystals described in the following Letter, we have been able to compute the stress in the oxide from the position of the fringes introduced by distortion.

A COMPUTER CALCULATION OF X‐RAY DIFFRACTION TOPOGRAPHS FOR DISTORTED CRYSTALS

Norio Kato and J. R. Patel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 42 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652451 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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An outline of a computer calculation for the calculation of Pendellösung fringes in distorted crystals is described. The calculation has been applied to the case of distortion due to a discontinuous oxide film on a silicon substrate, described in the preceding Letter.

STROBOSCOPIC HOLOGRAPHIC INTERFEROMETRY

P. Shajenko and C. D. Johnson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 44 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652452 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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An experimental evaluation of a stroboscopic technique as applied to holographic interferometry is described. This technique is applicable in the analysis of vibrations with high amplitudes and complex wave forms and in the investigation of phase‐dependent and nonsymmetrical effects.

DYNAMIC SCATTERING IN NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS

G. H. Heilmeier, L. A. Zanoni, and L. A. Barton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 46 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652453 (2 pages) | Cited 52 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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A new electro‐optic effect based on the disruptive effects of ion transport through certain classes of nematic liquid crystals is presented. The initially transparent liquid scatters light strongly (appears white) when subjected to fields of 5 × 103 V∕cm. Reflective contrast ratios of better than 20:1 with efficiencies of 45% of the standard white have been obtained.
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