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1 Sep 1968

Volume 13, Issue 5, pp. 159-195


EMPIRICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHEAR STRENGTH, PRESSURE, AND TEMPERATURE‐II

Laird C. Towle and Robert E. Riecker

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 159 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652552 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The pressure and temperature dependence of the shear strength of grossly deformed solids conforms to a simple empirical law containing two parameters characteristic of the material. The empirical law and the constants appearing in it exhibit an interesting correlation with theoretical calculations of flow stress.

FRANZ‐KELDYSH EFFECT WITH GUNN DOMAINS IN BULK GaAs

P. Guetin and D. Boccon‐Gibod

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 161 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652553 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Optical modulation near the intrinsic edge is observed in bulk n‐type GaAs using the Gunn effect at room temperature. A possible mechanism involves a shift of the absorption edge by the high electric field of propagating domains (Franz‐Keldysh effect). We also report some results on the production of extra carriers by photon‐initiated excitation which provides a means of changing the conductivity profile and current waveform of Gunn oscillators.

TRANSIENT DOUBLE INJECTION IN GERMANIUM

R. H. Dean

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 164 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652554 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Some new features of the step‐voltage transient behavior of an electron‐hole plasma injected via contacts into a long bar of p‐type germanium are observed and explained theoretically. When the leading edge of the propagating plasma reaches the anode there is a cusp in the time derivative of the current, and thereafter the current increases with time essentially as constant x[1 ‐ exp (−t∕τ)], where τ is the recombination time.

THE ACCURACY OF THE WKB APPROXIMATION FOR TUNNELING IN METAL‐SEMICONDUCTOR JUNCTIONS

F. A. Padovani and R. Stratton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 167 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652555 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Detailed numerical analysis indicates that the density of states factor, previously predicted to occur for the exact transmission probability, only applies for carrier energies of a few meV. This casts doubt on the method used by Conley to derive the density of states in degenerate semiconductors.

EFFICIENT CW LASER OSCILLATION AT 4416 Å IN Cd (II)

W. T. Silfvast

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 169 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652556 (3 pages) | Cited 78 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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A gain of 20%∕m and a power output of 50 mW have been measured on the 5s2 2D5∕2 → 5p2P03∕2 4416‐Å laser transition in Cd (II) using a single isotope of Cd114. The system was operated in a tubular furnace at temperatures in the range of 200°C with He as a buffer gas. The laser output with respect to He pressure, discharge current, and furnace temperature are discussed along with a proposed excitation mechanism. The system appears to have the prospect of being one of the most efficient, high power lasers operating in the visible region of the spectrum.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ORTHORHOMBIC PHASE IN MAGNETITE

Toshiro Yamada, Kunio Suzuki, and Soshin Chikazumi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 172 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652557 (3 pages) | Cited 57 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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An electron microscopic observation on a synthetic single crystal of magnetite has been carried out at a temperature range between 77°K and room temperature. It was observed that the ordered phases below the low‐temperature transition appear as finely divided stripes. The diffraction patterns in one of the stripes show the extra spots such as (00☒), (100), (010), or (11☒) in cubic indices. This indicates that the unit cell of the low‐temperature phase should be twice as large as that proposed by Verwey. The ordering scheme proposed should be more complicated than the Verwey order.

CORRELATION EFFECTS IN THE DISPLAY OF PICOSECOND PULSES BY TWO‐PHOTON TECHNIQUES

J. R. Klauder, M. A. Duguay, J. A. Giordmaine, and S. L. Shapiro

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 174 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652558 (3 pages) | Cited 38 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The two‐photon fluorescence (TPF) technique for the display of picosecond pulses is analyzed. It is shown that TPF displays resembling those of picosecond pulses from mode‐locked lasers, but having reduced contrast, are produced by lasers in which mode locking is incomplete or absent. We report here new TPF experiments which provide further evidence for picosecond pulse output of dye Q‐switched Nd:glass lasers. In addition, TPF observations with a single‐mode ruby laser are found to give contrast ratios in agreement with the general theory.

OBSERVATION OF MODE LOCKING AND ULTRASHORT OPTICAL PULSES INDUCED BY ANTISOTROPIC MOLECULAR LIQUIDS

J. Comly, E. Garmire, J. P. Laussade, and A. Yariv

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 176 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652559 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Mode locking and ultrashort pulses have been produced in a giant‐pulse ruby laser with heated nitrobenzene (T > 110°C) or α‐chloronaphthalene (T > 62°C) inside the optical resonator. 10−11‐sec pulses were observed with the two‐photon fluorescence technique.

OPTICAL SAMPLING OF SUBNANOSECOND LIGHT PULSES

M. A. Duguay and J. W. Hansen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 178 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652560 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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An optical analog of the electronic sampling oscilloscope is proposed, and preliminary experimental results are presented. The sampling pulses, ∼4 psec in duration, are produced by a mode‐locked Nd:glass laser. They are mixed in a KDP crystal with pulses of ∼800‐psec duration, from a mode locked He☒Ne laser. The optical sum frequency is detected and displayed on a conventional oscilloscope. The pulse separations in the two lasers differ in such a way that, as time goes by, the sampling pulse scans the He☒Ne pulse. There results, on the conventional oscilloscope, a sampled display of the He☒Ne pulse.

PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY IN SINGLE‐CRYSTAL Pb1−xSnx Te

I. Melngailis and T. C. Harman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 180 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652561 (4 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Photoconductivity at wavelengths up to 15 μ at 77°K and up to 20 μ at 4.2°K has been observed in Bridgman‐grown and subsequently annealed crystals of Pb1−xSnx Te which had carrier concentrations ranging from 2 to 8 × 1015 cm−3 with a mobility of about 3 × 104 cm2∕V‐sec at 77°K. Detectivity values generally were between 108 and 109 cm∕W‐sec1∕2 at 77°K and greater than 1010 cm∕W‐sec1∕2 at 4.2°K. Photoconductive lifetimes of about 10−8 at 77°K and higher temperatures and 10−6 sec at 4.2°K were measured by means of light pulses from a GaAs diode laser.

OPTIMIZATION OF AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY IN LEED SYSTEMS

P. W Palmberg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 183 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652562 (3 pages) | Cited 59 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The sensitivity and resolution of Auger electron spectroscopy in a display‐type LEED system have been optimized by incorporation of a high‐current grazing incidence gun and addition of a fourth grid to the standard three‐grid system.

MODE‐LOCKING OF CW LASERS BY REGENERATIVE RF FEEDBACK

G. R. Huggett

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 186 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652563 (2 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Dynamic mode locking of a He☒Ne laser was accomplished by detecting the rf beats between axial modes, and by using this signal as external regenerative feedback to the laser, making the system a self‐oscillator at the axial mode difference frequency of 75 MHz. The feedback signal was applied to the laser by means of a KD*P longitudinal modulator placed in the laser cavity to provide phase modulation. The average output power of the laser was 50 mW; the peak pulse power was about 1.25 W.

BAND‐EDGE SHIFT OF CdCr2Se4 NEAR CURIE TEMPERATURE

C. P. Wen, B. Hershenov, H. von Philipsborn, and H. Pinch

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 188 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652564 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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See Also: Erratum

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It is the purpose of this Letter to present some experimental evidence of the down shift of the conduction band edge when CdCr2Se4 crystals change from the paramagnetic to the ferromagnetic state. The anomalous electrical conductivity versus temperature behavior of indium‐doped, n‐type CdCr2Se4 is attributed to the movement of the conduction band edge and the resultant free carrier concentration increase in the conduction band. Photovoltaic measurements are made on p‐n junctions fabricated on single crystals grown by liquid‐transport techniques. The temperature dependence of the optical band gap determined by photovoltaic measurements is in good agreement with absorption measurements reported by Harbeke and Pinch.

STIMULATED RAMAN GAIN COEFFICIENTS FOR Li6NbO3, Ba2NaNb5O15, AND OTHER MATERIALS

W. D. Johnston, I. P. Kaminow, and J. G. Bergman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 190 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652565 (4 pages) | Cited 33 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The available gain for stimulated Raman scattering has been computed from measured values of absolute spontaneous Raman scattering cross sections at 300° and 80°K for various materials including Li6NbO3 and Ba2NaNb5O15. The power gain coefficients and power required for 1% gain per pass with confocal geometry at λ = 1.065 μ are tabulated for the more promising materials. Operation of a CW or quasi‐CW Raman oscillator appears feasible, particularly with the most efficient material, Li6NbO3.

MECHANISMS OF ENERGY TRANSPORT BETWEEN RARE‐EARTH IONS

R. J. Birgeneau

Appl. Phys. Lett. 13, 193 (1968); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652567 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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See Also: Erratum

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Recently a series of experiments on the EPR of pairs of coupled rare‐earth ions in the light rare‐earth halides have been reported. From these experiments it is possible to obtain very detailed information about the mechanisms responsible for nonradiative energy transfer. In particular, it is shown that superexchange is much more effective than normally assumed both in terms of selection rules and range.
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