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15 Jan 1969

Volume 14, Issue 2, pp. 43-84


THIN FILM CHARACTERIZATION BY ELECTRON MICROPROBE AND ELLIPSOMETRY: SiO2 FILMS ON SILICON

W. H. Knausenberger, K. Vedam, E. W. White, and W. Zeigler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 43 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652704 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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A combined electron microprobe and ellipsometric study of thin SiO2 films on silicon provides a technique for compositional and morphological characterization of thin films.

CHARGE STORAGE MODEL FOR VARIABLE THRESHOLD FET MEMORY ELEMENT

F. A. Sewell, H. A. R. Wegener, and E. T. Lewis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 45 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652705 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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A simple two‐layer model is presented for charge storage in a MI2I1S device in which the times for charging and discharging are expressed in closed‐form expressions depending on the conduction properties, the thicknesses, and the dielectric constants of the two layers. Data were taken using silicon oxide for I1 and silicon nitride for I2 which are in good agreement with the model. The model is quite general and should be valid for other insulators and other conduction mechanisms.

ROTATIONAL RELAXATION RATE OF CO2 LASER LEVELS

P. K. Cheo and R. L. Abrams

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 47 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652706 (3 pages) | Cited 33 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The rotational relaxation rate constant krot of the CO2 00°1 upper laser level has been determined by observation of the transient change in the cw gain of a 9.6‐μ P(20) laser amplifier induced by passage of a 20‐nsec 10.6‐μ P(20) laser pulse through the amplifier.

INFRARED TRANSMISSION, MAGNETIC BIREFRINGENCE, AND FARADAY ROTATION IN EuO

J. O. Dimmock, C. E. Hurwitz, and T. B. Reed

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 49 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652707 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Infrared transmission, magnetic birefringence, and Faraday rotation have been measured in single crystals of EuO as a function of temperature and magnetic field in the wavelength region between 1.5 and 20 μ. The most transparent samples have an absorption coefficient at 20°K less than 0.5 cm−1 in the range between 2.5 and 9 μ and less than 1.0 cm−1 at 10.6 μ. At 20°K and 9 kG the Faraday rotation varies from 660 deg∕cm at 10.6 μ to 3 × 104 deg∕cm at 2.5 μ and over 105 deg∕cm at 1.5 μ.

EFFECTS OF WIND ON THERMAL DEFOCUSING OF CO2 LASER RADIATION

Frederick G. Gebhardt and David C. Smith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 52 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652708 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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A cw laser beam propagating in an absorbing medium may be spread, distorted, or deflected as a result of thermally self‐induced refractive index gradients. In this paper the results of an experiment are reported where a wind, transverse to the direction of propagation of a CO2 laser beam, is imposed on an absorbing medium consisting of a mixture of air and propane. The experimental results show, in agreement with a simplified theoretical model, that the effect of the wind is (1) to deflect the laser beam into the wind for a certain range of wind velocities and (2) to reduce the thermal defocusing or blooming which results from the processes of thermal conduction and natural convection.

SPONTANEOUS REVERSE CURRENT DUE TO THE BRILLOUIN EMF IN A DIODE

J. B. Gunn and J. L. Staples

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 54 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652709 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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It has been shown by Brillouin that, to satsify the second law of thermodynamics, a diode at finite temperature must generate a dc signal which just compensates the current resulting from the rectification of thermal noise. It is shown that this signal should actually be observable (as a spontaneous reverse current) when the diode is connected to a resistor at a lower temperature than itself. A successful experiment to observe the signal is described.

IMPROVED CdTe FOR GAMMA DETECTION BETWEEN −100°C AND + 100°C

Kenneth R. Zanio

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 56 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652710 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Mobility‐trapping time μτ+ products of 2 × 10−4 cm2∕V for electrons and 3 × 10−5 cm2∕V for holes have been found in semi‐insulating cadmium telluride using transient response techniques. This represents a tenfold and fourfold increase in the μτ+ product of holes and electrons, respectively. The 60Co response of surface barrier devices fabricated from this material indicates that gamma detection is possible over the extended temperature range of −100° to +100°C. Encapsulation techniques have been developed to prevent the degradation of these devices from the ambient atmosphere.

HOLOGRAPHIC POLARIZATION RECORDING WITH AN ENCODED REFERENCE BEAM

C. N. Kurtz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 59 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652711 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Complete wavefront reconstruction, including polarization, is accomplished with an encoded reference beam, generated by using a single depolarizing diffuser as the reference beam source. The orthogonal polarization components of the object wave are encoded by different random wavefronts because of the scattering properties of the depolarizing diffuser.

SHEARING INTERFEROMETRY BY WAVEFRONT RECONSTRUCTION USING A SINGLE EXPOSURE

S. Mallick and M. L. Roblin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 61 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652713 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Wavefront reconstruction techniques are used to produce a shearing interferogram of an object. The desired shear of the object is produced by birefringent elements which make it possible to record simultaneously two holograms on a photographic plate. This avoids the errors due to the instability of the recording apparatus which are usually present when two exposures are made successively. The method is applicable to stationary phenomena and to those transient phenomena which change inappreciably during the time of exposure.

CURRENT OSCILLATIONS IN Si p‐i‐n DEVICES AFTER IRRADIATION WITH ONE‐MeV ELECTRONS

B. G. Streetman, N. Holonyak, H. V. Krone, and W. Dale Compton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 63 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652714 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Current oscillations similar to those previously reported in various semiconductors with impurity‐induced traps have been observed in Si irradiated at 0°C with 1‐MeV electrons. The oscillations are altered by annealing of the devices at temperatures below 0°C.

DETECTION OF PHOTON—PHOTON SCATTERING IN KD2 PO4

D. C. Auth, W. G. Mayer, and W. J. Thaler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 65 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652715 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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See Also: Erratum

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The interaction of two source‐independent, noncollinear electromagnetic waves of widely differing quantum energies intersecting in a nonlinear solid has been observed. The scattering phenomenon has been verified by measuring angular diffraction and frequency analyzing the resultant photon beam.

COMPLEX SPATIAL FILTERING BY HOLOGRAPHIC FOURIER SUBTRACTION

Keith Bromley, Michael A. Monahan, John F. Bryant, and Brian J. Thompson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 67 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652716 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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A complex spatial filtering technique capable of subtracting two, complex, two‐dimensional functions in real‐time has been produced. The filter is a Fourier‐transform hologram reconstructed with both the reference and object beams.

GAIN MEASUREMENTS IN A FLUID MIXING CO2 LASER SYSTEM

Terrill A. Cool and John A. Shirley

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 70 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652717 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Small‐signal gain coefficients for the P(18) vibration—rotation transition of CO2 at 10.57 μ have been measured in a high‐velocity gas flow system utilizing the rapid mixing of vibrationally excited N2 with initially unexcited CO2. These measurements demonstrate that very high gain coefficients which are approximately independent of dimensions transverse to the flow can be realized in high‐speed flow systems.

SATURATED OPTICAL ABSORPTION THROUGH BAND FILLING IN SEMICONDUCTORS

Robert N. Zitter

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 73 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652718 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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If a monochromatic light beam absorbed by a semiconductor generates enough carriers to fill band states up to and including those of the optical transition, the optical absorption will be saturated and a condition of transparency should result. Analysis shows that in this regime the absorption coefficient varies inversely with light intensity.

RESISTIVITY OF rf SPUTTER‐THINNED ALUMINUM FILMS

A. F. Mayadas, R. T. C. Tsui, and R. Rosenberg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 74 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652719 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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It is shown that relatively thick (10 000‐Å) films of aluminum thinned by sputter‐etching exhibit an increase in both the room‐temperature and helium‐temperature resistivities, and that this increase is too large to be explained in terms of the Fuchs (thickness) size effect or by changes in the specular scattering probability p. A part of the increase in the helium‐temperature resistivity anneals out after 2 h at 250°C but a large increment remains. It is suggested that topographic and structural changes in the films may be responsible.

EPR DETECTION OF TRIPLE Li ION CENTERS IN LITHIUM‐DIFFUSED Mn DOPED GaP CRYSTALS

R. S. Title and T. S. Plaskett

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 76 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652720 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The presence of triple lithium ion centers (LiGa− 2Lii+)+ in lithium‐diffused GaP crystals previously doped with Mn is inferred from combined electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electrical data.

FREQUENCY‐SHIFTING METHOD OF EXCITING A PLASMA IN A RESONANT CAVITY

S. L. Halverson and Albert J. Hatch

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 79 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652721 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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A new method of obtaining a high‐density plasma (n ∼ nc0) in a resonant cavity is described. The method is to increase the frequency of the exciting microwave power source by as much as ∼ 10% while keeping the input microwave power constant and maintaining an impedance match between the source and the cavity. Density increases of the order of seven‐fold have been obtained in this way. The result is explained mainly on the basis that the power loss in the impedance‐matching network decreases as the excitation frequency is increased.

PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY OF PHOTOCHROMIC Gd:CaF2

P. M. Heyman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 81 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652722 (4 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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The photoconductivity of photochromic Gd:CaF2 was studied and it was found that the spectra obtained favor a model which supposes charge transfer via the conduction band.
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ERRATA: ``Interpretation of Hall and Photo‐Hall Effects in Inhomogeneous Materials''

Richard H. Bube

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 84 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652723 (1 page) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Abstract Unavailable
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ERRATA: ``Ferroelectric Sr1−xBaxNb2O6 as a Fast and Sensitive Detector of Infrared Radiation''

A. M. Glass

Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 84 (1969); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1652724 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 17 October 2003

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Abstract Unavailable
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