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1 Jan 1970

Volume 16, Issue 1, pp. 1-51


NEW METHOD OF MEASURING THE AVERAGE THERMAL VELOCITY OF ATOMS

T. S. Stein, J. P. Carrico, E. Lipworth, and M. C. Weisskopf

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 1 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653011 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The average thermal velocity of atoms in an atomic‐beam apparatus is measured using the velocity‐dependent interaction math⋅[(math/c)×math].

DYE LASER STIMULATION WITH A PULSED N2 LASER LINE AT 3371 Å

James A. Myer, C. L. Johnson, E. Kierstead, R. D. Sharma, and Irving Itzkan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 3 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653019 (3 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Dye laser action has been achieved with a pulsed N2 laser as the pumping source. The dye laser pulses vary in length from 2 to 10 nsec for the various dyes used and have been tuned to cover the entire visible spectrum with the proper choice of dyes and cavity optics. The system is capable, for some dyes, of repetition rates as high as 100 pulses∕sec with reasonably good efficiencies.

HIGH POWER XENON LASER ACTION IN HIGH CURRENT PINCHED DISCHARGES

A. Papayoanou and I. Gumeiner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 5 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653028 (4 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Recent experiments using high current capacitor discharges have produced high power laser action in multiply ionized xenon. Strongest oscillation was found on five simultaneous transitions in the green. These lines had a total peak power of 1.4 kW. In addition, streak camera pictures have shown that the onset of laser action begins and is sustained during the interval of time when the plasma is being compressed (``pinched'') by its self‐electromagnetic forces.

SELF‐PULSING IN THE He☒Cd LASER

F. R. Faxvog, G. R. Willenbring, and J. A. Carruthers

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 8 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653030 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Observation of self‐pulsing in a helium‐cadmium laser is reported in which two running pulses are present inside the cavity. The beat frequency between the two pulses is more stable as the number of modes is decreased, and is very regular at about 8 kHz when only two modes are present within each of the two main spectral peaks of the natural‐cadmium active medium.

SELF‐MODE LOCKING AND SATURATION‐PULSE SHARPENING IN A ROTATING‐MIRROR Q‐SWITCHED CO2 LASER

S. Marcus and John H. McCoy

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 11 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653012 (2 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Observation of self‐mode‐locked pulses with a rotating‐mirror Q‐switched CO2 laser is reported. Pulses as short as 10 nsec, narrower than the normal CO2 linewidth limit, were obtained. The shortness of these pulses is attributed to saturation broadening of the pulse spectrum.

CARRIER CONCENTRATION PROFILES OF ION‐IMPLANTED SILICON

R. Bader and S. Kalbitzer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 13 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653013 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Sheet‐resistivity and Hall‐effect measurements on ion‐implanted silicon wafers have been performed. Carrier concentration profiles over the range of about 1019–1011 carriers∕cm3 have been obtained for implants of 1014 ions∕cm2 of 11B, 27Al, and 31P. Three regions, due to different penetration mechanisms, can be clearly distinguished: the amorphous range, the channeling range, and the supertail. Some indication for a kinetic substitution mechanism is seen in the channeling region.

OBSERVATION OF SiC WITH Si(111) ‐ 7 SURFACE STRUCTURE USING HIGH‐ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION

R. C. Henderson, W. J. Polito, and J. Simpson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 15 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653014 (4 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Using grazing‐angle high‐energy electron diffraction (HEED) epitaxial crystallites of β‐Sic have been observed on Si surfaces simultaneously with the silicon fractional‐order surface structures. SiC has not been observed with the LEED technique under comparable experimental conditions. The surfaces containing SiC were prepared by iodine desorption. Surfaces prepared by oxide decomposition at 1200 °C or by in situ pyrolysis of SiH4 were carbide free. The experiments showed the carbide was due to decomposition of a carbon adsorbate.

THIN SEMICONDUCTOR LASER TO THIN PLATELET OPTICAL COUPLER

D. L. Keune, N. Holonyak, R. D. Burnham, P. D. Dapkus, and R. D. Dupuis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 18 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653015 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A method is reported for coupling laser beams into thin structures (∼1 μm) and for easy coupling of optical signals between various thin structures. CdSe platelet lasers, pumped with Ga(AsP) laser diodes (77 °K), are coupled to CdS and Cd(SeS) platelet waveguides.

CHARACTERISTIC IONIZATION LOSSES OBSERVED IN AUGER EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

H. E. Bishop and J. C. Rivière

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 21 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653016 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Peaks in the differential energy distribution resulting from losses of the type (Ep − E1), where Ep is the primary energy and E1 is the critical ionization potential of an inner atomic shell giving rise to a strong Auger transition, have been observed during Auger emission spectroscopy. In the example presented, characteristic loss peaks due to ionization of the boron and carbon K shells are shown. Loss peaks are usually of the same order of magnitude as some of the smaller Auger peaks, and care should be taken in identification, under certain conditions of analysis, that the two are not confused.

GRÜNEISEN DATA FROM THE ONE‐DIMENSIONAL THERMOELASTIC RESPONSE OF ELASTIC MATERIALS

R. B. Oswald, F. B. McLean, D. R. Schallhorn, and L. D. Buxton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 24 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653017 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A new technique for the direct measurement of the Grüneisen parameter of elastic materials is presented. The technique employs the measurement of the one‐dimensional thermoelastic response of materials exposed to a pulsed electron beam. The measured values of the Grüneisen parameter for single crystals of both metals and semiconductors are in excellent agreement with thermal values.

VALUE D0Z* FOR GRAIN BOUNDARY ELECTROMIGRATION IN ALUMINUM FILMS

R. Rosenberg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 27 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653018 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A value of the constant D0Z* for grain boundary electromigration in alluminum thin films is determined to be 3(± 0.5) × 10−2. Generalized curves are provided for (vi∕j)T against T−1 for aluminum films. These curves can be used to obtain appropriate ionic velocities at any temperature or current density for films of known grain size.

TEMPERATURE‐DEPENDENT ATTENUATION OF ULTRASONIC SURFACE WAVES IN QUARTZ

M. R. Daniel and J. de Klerk

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 30 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653020 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The attenuation of Rayleigh waves in quartz was measured as a function of temperature from 4.2 to 100 °K and frequency from 300 to 2000 MHz. Below 20 °K, the attenuation was observed temperature‐independent. From 20 to 40 °K, the results were consistent with a three‐phonon interaction process varying as T4 but with little or no dependence on frequency. Above 40 °K, the attenuation showed a lower dependence on temperature than T4 and oscillated due to an interference effect between the Rayleigh wave and a bulk wave generated at the same time.

OPTICAL PROBING OF ACOUSTIC SURFACE‐WAVE HARMONIC GENERATION

E. G. H. Lean, C. C. Tseng, and C. G. Powell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 32 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653021 (4 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The growth of nonlinearly generated harmonics of acoustic surface waves in LiNbO3 substrates has been observed directly by an optical probe. The attenuation of acoustic surface waves as a function of the level of input power and loss of energy to the nonlinearly generated harmonics is measured. The large nonlinear coupling to the high harmonics of surface acoustic waves, which is an encouraging sign for parametric amplification, may impose some limitations on linear devices at high power levels.

INTENSITIES OF SPIN‐WAVE RESONANCE MODES IN THIN FILMS

R. Weber, P. E. Tannenwald, and C. H. Bajorek

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 35 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653022 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Accurate measurements of spin‐wave resonance absorption peaks from 5 to 70 GHz show that the deviation from a 1∕p2 falloff is a strong function of frequency. It is pointed out that any intensity model must incorporate such frequency dependence.

REDUCTION OF PENUMBRA IN X‐RAY IMAGES BY OPTICAL SPATIAL FILTERING

G. A. Krusos, S. K. Hilal, W. B. Seaman, and G. H. Myers

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 37 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653023 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The finite size of the focal spot of an x‐ray tube produces a penumbra in x‐ray images. Optical spatial‐filtering techniques are being developed to compensate for penumbral effects in medical x‐ray photographs and thereby improve the contrast and resolution. The first known successful results on x‐ray images are described.

SWITCHING AND NEGATIVE RESISTANCE IN THIN FILMS OF NICKEL OXIDE

J. C. Bruyere and B. K. Chakraverty

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 40 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653024 (4 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A pronounced negative resistance and ultrarapid switching between an initial insulating state and a conducting state has been observed in thin films of NiO at room temperature. The switching is reversible with respect to polarity change and quite stable even after repeated cycling.

MAGNETO‐OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF A GREEN ROOM‐TEMPERATURE FERROMAGNET FeF3

A. J. Kurtzig and H. J. Guggenheim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 43 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653025 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Ferric fluoride (FeF3) is a transparent green uniaxial weak ferromagnet (canted antiferromagnet) with a Curie temperature of 365 °K. FeF3 is far more transparent in the visible and uv than any other known material which has a spontaneous magnetic moment at room temperature. FeF3 at room temperature has 6 absorption bands between 7000 Å and the band edge which is at 2440 Å. There is a local absorption minimum of α = 4.4 cm−1 in the green at 5225 Å. The Faraday rotation is 180 °∕cm at 5225 Å and increases to 1100 °∕cm at 3000 Å. The birefringent phase retardation at 5200 Å is about 80 000 °∕cm. The two indices of refraction are about 1.54 in the visible spectrum.

OBSERVATION OF MICROWAVE REPOPULATION MODULATION IN n‐Si AT 77 °K

James W. Holm‐Kennedy and K. S. Champlin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 46 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653026 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The microwave (9.61 GHz, dielectric constant of n‐Si was measured as a function of crystallographic orientation and as a function of applied dc electric field (warm electron conditions) at 77 °K lattice temperature. The dielectric constant was found to be anisotropic. An analysis of the results correlated with the observed free carrier repopulation shows a new contribution to the microwave properties. This contribution arises from a repopulation modulation at the microwave frequency.

EXPERIMENTS WITH A CO2 GAS‐DYNAMIC LASER

Donald M. Kuehn and Daryl J. Monson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 48 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653027 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Experiments with a CO2 gas‐dynamic laser were run in a shock‐tube facility. Population inversion of the CO2 molecule was achieved by expansion of heated test gas through a supersonic nozzle. Measurements included shape, time, and energy of the laser output, and beam diameter. Beam divergence and mirror deterioration were reduced by changes in optical cavity geometry. Laser power was optimized for temperature, fraction of He in the test gas, and output‐mirror transmissivity. Maximum laser power was 250 W for a 100‐cm3 cavity with a 20‐cm gain path.
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ERRATUM: AMPLIFICATION OF ACOUSTIC SURFACE WAVES WITH ADJACENT SEMICONDUCTOR AND PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTALS

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 51 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653029 (1 page) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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