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1 Jun 1970

Volume 16, Issue 11, pp. 411-472

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TRACER EXPERIMENTS ON THE GROWTH OF TIN WHISKERS

H. ‐P. Kehrer and H. G. Kadereit

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 411 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653046 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Tracer experiments on the growth of proper whiskers from evaporated tin layers indicate the existence of solid or nearly solid as well as hollow whiskers. The presence of oxygen during evaporation, resulting in a rapid whisker growth, inhibits large scale diffusion. This inhibition effect must be released, however, at small regions, corresponding to the roots of the whiskers.

OPTIMUM DEFLECTION ANGLE FOR CYLINDRICAL AND SPHERICAL ELECTROSTATIC SPECTROMETER

D. Roy and J. ‐D. Carette

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 413 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653047 (4 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The electron‐energy distribution for the idealized cylindrical (127°) and spherical (180°) electrostatic electron spectrometer have been computed in second‐order approximation. It is shown that one can improve these spectrometers by injecting at the entrance slit of the spectrometer only that fraction of incident electrons that have positive radial velocity components and at the same time setting the angle between entrance and exit slit plane to a proper smaller value. A method to build an electron spectrometer operating this way is suggested.

A 964‐GHz TRAVELING‐WAVE ELECTRO‐OPTIC LIGHT MODULATOR

I. P. Kaminow, T. J. Bridges, and M. A. Pollack

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 416 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653048 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A 0.633‐μ m laser has been modulated at 964 GHz (311 μ m) and 891 GHz (337 μ m) by a novel phase‐matched LiNbO3 electro‐optic modulator driven by an HCN laser. The performance of the modulator agrees with calculations based on the radio‐frequency electro‐optic coefficient. Similar experiments with a CdS modulator were unsuccessful presumably because of the generation of photocarriers.

CRITICAL POWER DISSIPATION IN A SUPERCONDUCTOR

Mario Rabinowitz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 419 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653049 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The magnetic breakdown field Hp′ is calculated which, if applied at the surface of a super‐conductor, produces a critical power dissipation leading to a steep rise in the power loss. Generally Hp′<Hc, the critical field of the material. The functional dependence of the Q of a microwave cavity for values of Hp near Hp′ is also found.

THE MECHANISM OF GAIN DEPRESSION IN CONTINUOUS‐STRIP ELECTRON MULTIPLIERS

B. D. Klettke, W. L. Wilcock, R. K. Mueller, and W. G. Wolber

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 421 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653050 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A theory of high‐output‐current gain depression in continuous‐strip electron multipliers is based on the assumption that for a particular device the local gain is a function solely of the local axial field. Substantiative experimental data are presented.

ROLE OF THERMAL EFFECTS AND FAST FLOW POWER SCALING TECHNIQUES IN CO2☒N2☒He LASERS

Alan E. Hill

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 423 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653051 (4 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Studies of thermal effects in a multi‐Joule pulsed CO2 laser indicate that the average power is limited because the equilibrium gas temperature rises with increasing rep rate (or average power input), thereby thermally populating the CO2 (010) level. It is shown that helium primarily heat‐sinks the gas. Suitably low gas temperatures can be maintained throughout high pressure, large cavity volumes by exchanging the gas in times shorter than the wall diffusion time. Under such conditions, a linear power scaling‐mass flow relationship of 35 kW∕lb mass∕sec has been attained. A 1‐m fast flowing cw device currently produces in excess of 2 kW average in oscillator configuration.

IONIC SPECIES PRESENT IN CESIUM DISCHARGES

R. S. Bergman and L. M. Chanin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 426 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653052 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Measurements have been made of the positive ion composition of cesium plasmas for normalized pressures from 10−4 to 10−1 Torr using ion‐sampling techniques. At low pressure (≈ 10−4 Torr), Cs+ is dominant; however, at approximately 10−1 Torr, the ion signals of Cs+ and Cs2+ are comparable. The ion‐current ratio I(Cs3+)/I(Cs+) increases rapidly with pressure.

CRITICAL FIELD AND CRITICAL CURRENT OF Pb☒Bi ALLOYS IN POROUS GLASS

J. H. P. Watson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 428 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653053 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Critical fields in excess of 100 kOe can be achieved with Pb☒Bi alloys in porous glass at 4. 2°K.

ROOM‐TEMPERATURE CO LASER

M. M. Mann, M. L. Bhaumik, and W. B. Lacina

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 430 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653054 (2 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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High‐power cw operation of a carbon monoxide laser at room temperature (20 °C) has been achieved by introducing mercury vapor into the discharge. In the initial experiments, a cw output power of 1.4 W corresponding to an efficiency of 1.8 % was obtained with a nonoptimized cavity.

HOT‐HOLE ANISOTROPY IN SILICON

A. Alberigi Quaranta, C. Canali, and G. Ottaviani

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 432 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653055 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Experimental results on the hole drift mobility in silicon are presented. The electric field is applied parallel to the <111> and <100> crystallographic directions at four different temperatures between 77 and 300°K. The measurements have been performed with the time‐of‐flight technique. Experimental evidence is given for the first time of anisotropy of drift velocity of holes at intermediate and high electric fields.

TRANSITION FROM LAMINAR TO TURBULENT FLOW IN A LASER‐INDUCED CONVECTION COLUMN

Richard A. Chodzko and Shao‐Chi Lin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 434 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653056 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a laser‐induced vertical convection column has been observed using a CO2☒N2 laser in CO2 gas. The onset of turbulence is measured with a fine‐wire resistance thermometer and laser power meter. The transition boundary in terms of cell pressure p and incident laser power P0 at a fixed beam diameter and cell geometry is found to be approximately given by p2P0 = constant, which can be shown to imply a constant‐transition Reynolds number for the induced flow under certain restrictive conditions.

CONTINUOUS‐WAVE NONSPIKING SINGLE‐MODE RUBY LASERS

Milton Birnbaum, Paul H. Wendzikowski, and Curtis L. Fincher

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 436 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653057 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Continuous‐wave nonspiking single‐mode operation of ruby lasers cooled to 77 and 4.2 °K was obtained by end pumping the ruby with the 5145 Å output of a cw argon ion laser. Measurements of the output of the cw ruby laser showed single mode (TEM00q) operation with a full spectral width of approximately 35 kHz.

EPITAXIAL ZnO ON SAPPHIRE

G. Galli and J. E. Coker

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 439 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653058 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Epitaxial layers of ZnO have been deposited by chemical vapor transport on single‐crystal sapphire substrates. The ZnO layers have been deposited up to thicknesses of 100μ. X‐ray analysis showed that the c axis of the ZnO could be made to lie parallel to the (0112)‐oriented sapphire substrate. Resistivities were generally from 1 to 10 Ω‐cm but could be significantly increased by diffusion of lithium or sodium.

SURFACE WAVE COUPLING THROUGH A FLUID INTERFACE

Frederick Y. Cho, Bill J. Hunsinger, and Ronald L. Lawson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 441 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653059 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A method to determine the coupling length for optimum transfer of surface wave energy from one substrate through an interface to a second substrate is presented. Less than 10 dB of energy loss is measured for coupling surface waves (20 MHz) on Y cut Z propagation (YZ) lithium niobate substrates through a water interface.

INSTANTANEOUS VIDEO DISPLAY OF X‐RAY TOPOGRAPHIC IMAGES WITH RESOLVING CAPABILITIES BETTER THAN 15μ

G. A. Rozgonyi, S. E. Haszko, and J. L. Statile

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 443 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653060 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A silicon diode array target has been used as an image transducer for x rays in a closed‐circuit television system. It is shown that x‐ray topographs of images smaller than 15μ can be displayed essentially instantaneously on a television monitor. In addition, the magnification of the topograph can be controlled electronically and individual video scan lines can be presented on an oscilloscope to give an intensity plot across the x‐ray topograph.

EPITAXIAL LEAD SULFIDE PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND PHOTOCONDUCTIVE FILMS

Richard B. Schoolar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 446 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653061 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Single‐crystal lead sulfide photovoltaic cells and photoconductive films were prepared using epitaxial growth techniques. The spectral response of the photovoltaic cells is characterized by a sharp peak at wavelengths just short of the energy gap of PbS. The photoconductive films were grown with carrier concentrations as low as 3×1016 cm−3 and exhibit two large, distinct photoconductive signals when cooled to 77 °K. One response is characterized by a time constant > 50 msec and is attributed to photoexcitation of electrons from oxygen‐induced surface traps. The second response has a time constant of 32 μ sec and is attributed to intrinsic photoconductivity of lead sulfide.

Na‐INDUCED FACETTING OF W(112)

J. M. Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 449 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653062 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The effects of Na adsorption on an oxygen‐covered W(112) surface are reported. It is found that if a W(112) surface is first covered with 1.5 monolayers of atomic oxygen and then covered with 0.8 monolayer of Na, and the surface is then heated in vacuum to 650 °K and higher, a series of surface structures is observed. These structures can only be explained by assuming facetting of the W(112) surface.

OPTICAL MIXING IN CADMIUM TELLURIDE USING THE PULSED WATER VAPOR LASER

D. A. McArthur and R. A. McFarlane

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 452 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653063 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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We report here the first observation of second harmonic generation and sum frequency mixing with fundamental wavelengths in the 26 to 33μ range, using the pulsed water vapor laser and CdTe as a nonlinear material. We obtain an approximate value of d36(λ1 = 27.97μ)=(9 ± 6) × 10−7 esu in CdTe, about twice as large as the value at 10.6μ, which we discuss in terms of Garrett's model of the dispersion of d36.

TWO KINDS OF CdS HIGH‐FIELD DOMAIN MODES

Seijiro Furukawa, Tomonobu Hata, and Tsuneharu Motosugi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 455 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653064 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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This paper presents the experimental and theoretical results about CdS high‐field domain modes in case of C ∥ E. It is observed by use of direct probe measurement of two‐dimensional potential distributions on the sample surface that there are two kinds of domain modes: In one of the modes which is observed for a considerably high‐impurity sample, the off‐axis angle θ increases with the increase of electric field. In the other mode which is observed for a low‐impurity sample, the angle θ tends to 30°. The dependence of θ on the applied field for the latter mode can be theoretically explained by use of the assumption that the domain front travels to the direction where the small signal gain becomes the maximum value.

ACOUSTOELECTRIC CURRENT SATURATION DUE TO OFF‐AXIS SHEAR WAVES

John C. Huber

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 458 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653065 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Current saturation in zinc oxide crystals having the electric field applied parallel to the c axis is shown to be due to acoustoelectric amplification of off‐axis shear waves. The maximum angle of propagation and drift velocity are limited by the sample geometry.

OPTICALLY PUMPED Cd3P2 LASER

S.G. Bishop, W.J. Moore, and E.M. Swiggard

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 459 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653066 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Coherent laser oscillation with wavelength near 2.12μ has been achieved in as‐grown crystal of Cd3P2 at 4.2°K using pulsed optical excitation from a Q‐switched Nd‐doped YAG laser.

LASER DOPPLER VELOCITY MEASUREMENT WITHOUT DIRECTIONAL AMBIGUITY BY USING FREQUENCY SHIFTED INCIDENT BEAMS

M.K. Mazumder

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 462 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653067 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A simple laser Doppler heterodyning system has been developed where velocities in any set of orthogonal axes can be measured without the directional ambiguity of 180°. The method employs a two‐incident‐beam heterodyning system where the two incident beams used are of different frequencies. This is accomplished by using a rotating diffraction grating or by employing a Bragg cell. The Doppler signal from the moving scatterer is no longer an ``even'' function of velocity and the frequency bias can be adjusted depending on the maximum value of the velocity to be measured.

STABILIZATION OF He☒Cd LASER

K. G. Hernqvist

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 464 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653068 (4 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A helium‐cadmium laser using cathaphoretic transport and a diffusion return path is described. It is shown that there exists a critical temperature range for the condenser where the excessive radiation noise of He☒Cd lasers is effectively reduced.

PHOTOELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF ION‐IMPLANTED CdS

S. L. Hou and J. A. Marley

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 467 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653069 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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See Also: Erratum

Show Abstract
The photoelectronic properties of CdS successively implanted with 1.0‐, 0.5‐, and 0.3‐MeV P+ ions versus annealing cycles were studied. Diodes thus formed were highly photosensitive, with photoconductive gains between 102 and 104. Yellow electroluminescence was observed at 77°K. Short annealing creates centers with a sheet resistance thermal activation energy of 0.13 eV. Prolonged annealing creates states 0.75–0.8 eV below the band edge.

NEW cw Cd‐VAPOR LASER TRANSITIONS IN A HOLLOW‐CATHODE STRUCTURE

Wolfgang K. Schuebel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 470 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653070 (3 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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cw laser action in Cd II of natural isotopic abundance has been observed at 5337, 5378, 6355, 6360, 7237, and 7284 Å. Laser oscillation has been achieved with a slotted hollow‐cathode discharge containing He carrier gas at pressures of several Torr. Partial pressures of Cd of the order of 10−2 to 3 × 10−1 Torr were produced by external and∕or discharge heating. All transitions are attributed to charge‐transfer collisions between neutral Cd atoms and atomic He ions as the dominant mechanism of excitation.
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