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15 Feb 1970

Volume 16, Issue 4, pp. 147-188


ELECTRON BEAM DETECTION OF CHARGE STORAGE IN MOS CAPACITORS

E. E. Huber, M. S. Cohen, and D. O. Smith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 147 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653137 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A method for destructive detection of the state of charge storage in a metal‐SiO2‐Si capacitor is presented. This method is based on the modulation by the charge of the efficiency of separation of electron‐hole pairs which are generated by the penetration of an electron beam into the capacitor.

ELECTRIC FIELD HYSTERESIS EFFECTS IN CHOLESTERIC LIQUID CRYSTALS

L. Melamed and D. Rubin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 149 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653138 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Certain room‐temperature cholesteric liquid crystals are capable of retaining information on their past history of electric field excitation by exhibiting marked changes in their optical transmission properties. The information retention slowly decays but in many cases persists for at least several days following the removal of excitation. Thus 100 V applied across a 25 μ sample for 10 min caused a change in transmission at 5000 Å from 75 to about 22%. Sixty hours later, the transmission was about 48%.

NEW CONTRAST MECHANISM FOR SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Oliver C. Wells

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 151 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653139 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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With normal electron incidence, the resolution of the backscattered electron image in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) is approximately equal to the classical electron pentration depth. With oblique electron incidence, a significant number of plurally scattered electrons leave the specimen in an apparently specular direction after penetrating for a distance that is an order of magnitude smaller than this. Thus with 15‐keV electrons incident onto Al at 45°, a significant number of backscattered electrons leave the specimen after penetrating to less than 500‐a.u. depth. These electrons can be collected over an angle that is close to the plane of the specimen surface. Other electrons leave the specimen more nearly at right angles to the surface, and these have been scattered from a greater depth. The image in the SEM can change completely if the position of the collector is changed.

PROPAGATING MAGNETOELASTIC WAVES IN AN INFINITE PLATE

H. van de Vaart and H. Matthews

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 153 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653140 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The elastic modes of propagation in an infinite plate are coupled to the propagating magnetostatic modes when the plate material is magnetoelastic. The dispersion relations for these magnetoelastic modes are derived, and the resulting coupled mode spectrum is discussed.

ORIENTATIONAL OSCILLATIONS IN NEMATIC LIQUID CRYSTALS

G. H. Heilmeier and W. Helfrich

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 155 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653141 (3 pages) | Cited 25 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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It is shown that ac electric fields can produce orientational oscillations in nematic liquid crystals. The oscillations are observed in thin sandwich cells and probably due to parametric excitation. They are associated with a strong electro‐optic effect, similar to dynamic scattering, but with faster turn‐off times (< 5 msec).

OPTICAL DAMAGE IN KDP

S. I. Wax, M. Chodorow, and H. E. Puthoff

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 157 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653142 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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We report a reversible optical damage effect when KDP is illuminated in the presence of an applied electric fieid. The damage is slight and has a relaxation time of seconds, but it produces a substantial reflection when the illumination takes the form of a standing wave. An experiment to observe this phenomenon, using a ring laser, is described. The damage is attributed to trapping of photoexcited electrons.

ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS OF THE 28‐ AND 78‐μm cw WATER VAPOR LASER LINES

K. M. Evenson, J. S. Wells, L. M. Matarrese, and L. B. Elwell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 159 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653143 (4 pages) | Cited 37 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The two highest frequency measurements as yet reported are described. Frequencies of the 28‐ and 78‐μm cw water vapor laser lines were found to be 10.718073±0.000002 THz and 3.821775±0.000003 THz, respectively, by beating each of these radiations with the 337‐ and 373‐μm (0.89‐ and 0.80‐THz) radiation from an HCN laser, in a metal‐on‐metal point‐contact diode. The frequencies of the HCN laser were in turn measured by beating the 337‐μm radiation with 74‐GHz radiation and by measuring the 337‐ and 373‐μm frequency difference.

MULTIPHOTON IONIZATION OF NEON: EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A RESONANCE

G. Baravian, R. Benattar, J. Bretagne, J. L. Godart, and G. Sultan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 162 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653144 (1 page) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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By focusing a laser beam in neon, we experimentally study the validity of several multiphoton ionization theories by varying the energy of the emitted photons.

CURRENT OSCILLATIONS IN CADMIUM SULPHIDE WITH OPTICALLY POLISHED PARALLEL SURFACES

P. Das and A. J. Steckl

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 163 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653145 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Current oscillations in CdS samples with optically polished parallel surfaces have been observed as a result of motion of high‐field domains formed by the large acousto‐electric effect due to reflection of ultrasound which builds up to large amplitude provided by net round‐trip gain. The experimental results also point to different kinds of oscillations.

EXPLANATION OF CURRENT OSCILLATIONS IN CADMIUM SULPHIDE WITH OPTICALLY POLISHED PARALLEL END SURFACES

P. Das

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 165 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653146 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A theory for the observation of current oscillations in CdS samples with parallel end surfaces due to motion of domains is presented. The theory agrees very well with the experiment.

DIFFERENTIAL DOPPLER VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS

C. M. Penney

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 167 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653147 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Observed signal characteristics and measurement accuracy are described for a recently developed noncontacting optical velocity sensing method as applied to extended moving surfaces. This method is based on an optical heterodyne measurement of the difference between two Doppler shifts which are produced in the light scattered through two different angles by the moving surface. It provides convenient measurements of velocity components tangent to extended surfaces that are optically rough. Absolute accuracies to at least 0.1%, and relative accuracies to 0.04% are reported.

ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE OF ION‐IMPLANTED DONORS IN SILICON

K. L. Brower and J. A. Borders

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 169 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653148 (4 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The EPR of As75, Sb121, and Sb123 substitutional donors implanted in silicon have been observed. The Si‐P3 and Si‐P1 center resonances associated with the damage were also observed. Samples were implanted at room temperature to fluences of ∼ 1013 ions∕cm2, and the EPR spectra associated with the damage and the implanted impurities were monitored as the samples were isochronally annealed to 970 °C. The spectra of the implanted donors were observed after the 400 °C anneal with illumination and following the 600 °C anneal without illumination. After the anneal at ∼ 900 °C, the proportion of implanted antimony that is observed by EPR to be substitutional is significantly larger than for the implanted arsenic.

CHEMICAL EFFECTS ON THE KLL AUGER ELECTRON SPECTRUM FROM SURFACE CARBON

T. W. Haas and J. T. Grant

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 172 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653149 (2 pages) | Cited 48 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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It is found that the KLL carbon Auger spectrum is strongly influenced by the chemical state of the carbon. This is expected since the L electrons in carbon are the valence electrons. We have found that it is possible to distinguish between surface carbon and adsorbed CO on the basis of this carbon Auger spectrum. This sensitivity to the chemical state of the emitting atom when the Auger electron is ejected from the valence band suggests that this measurement may be useful in determining bonding of surface atoms.

RELATIVE SIGNS OF NONLINEAR OPTICAL COEFFICIENTS OF POLAR CRYSTALS

Robert C. Miller and William A. Nordland

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 174 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653150 (3 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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See Also: Erratum

Show Abstract
A determination of the relative signs of the nonlinear optical coefficients that give rise to second harmonic generation has been made for each of the following crystals: LiNbO3, LiTaO3, BaTiO3, ZnO, and LiGaO2. It is found that d33 and d31 have the same signs in LiNbO3, LiTaO3, BaTiO3, and LiGaO2. In ZnO, LiGaO2, and LiTaO3, the ratios d33∕d31, d33∕d32, and d31∕d22, respectively, are negative.

ROLE OF HYDROGEN IN POLARIZATION REVERSAL OF FERROELECTRIC Ba2NaNb5O15

S. Singh, H. J. Levinstein, and L. G. Van Uitert

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 176 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653151 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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By field‐annealing barium sodium niobate crystals in the presence of H2O and D2O vapor it is established that protons diffuse into the crystals. As a result of this diffusion, the crystal resistivity is found to increase by a factor of ∼2×103. It is concluded that diffusion of protons into ferroelectric barium sodium niobate and other high‐temperature ferroelectrics is necessary before the crystal dipole moment can be freely reversed by an external electric field.

IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY OF SURFACES

Robert L. Gerlach, J. E. Houston, and Robert L. Park

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 179 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653152 (3 pages) | Cited 38 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A technique is described for the analysis of surface composition on the basis of characteristic loss features associated with electron impact ionization of inner atomic levels. The method involves separating the characteristic loss spectrum from the total secondary emission spectrum by superimposing a small oscillation on the primary beam energy and detecting only those features which fluctuate at the same frequency. Ionization spectroscopy is shown to have a number of inherent advantages over conventional Auger spectroscopy.

RECOMBINATION WAVES IN Au‐DOPED Si

G. R. Bisio and A. E. Chiabrera

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 181 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653153 (5 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Theoretical computation of recombination waves in Au‐doped Si is reconsidered introducing new expressions of the carrier lifetimes, deduced from a linearized theory of the generation‐recombination process kinetics. The comparison with previous theoretical and experimental papers is given. The role of the temperature and dc electric field on the instability condition is examined.

DIRECT GAIN MEASUREMENTS OF AN ORGANIC DYE AMPLIFIER

B. G. Huth

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 185 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653154 (4 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Amplifier gain measurements were made on the dye rhodamine 6G in ethanol. Gain was measured as a function of wavelength and time for a 1 × 10−4 M solution. The peak gain coefficient was measured to be 95 dB∕m at a pump energy of 21.5 J. This same pump energy produced 55 mJ of laser output from a 3.8‐cm‐long cell in a mode diameter of 3.6 mm.
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ERRATA: AN IRRADIATION EFFECT IN THERMALLY GROWN SiO2

Oliver C. Wells

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 188 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653155 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Abstract Unavailable
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ERRATA: REVERSIBLE HILLOCK GROWTH IN THIN FILMS

S. K. Lahiri and O. C. Wells

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 188 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653156 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Abstract Unavailable
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