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1 Apr 1970

Volume 16, Issue 7, pp. 259-287


EPITAXY OF GOLD EVAPORATED ONTO POLAR SURFACES OF ZnO AT 20°K

E. F. Wassermann and K. Polacek

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 259 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653186 (2 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Gold films (200–500 Å) have been evaporated onto air‐ and vacuum‐cleaved polar surfaces of ZnO. While the films grown on the air‐cleaved surfaces are polycrystalline in a temperature range from 20 to about 450°K, the films grown on the vacuum‐cleaved surfaces are perfect (111) single crystals in the investigated temperature range from 20 to 700°K. The low‐temperature epitaxy can be explained by the strong binding energy between overgrowth and substrate, caused by the polarity of the substrate.

INFRARED PHOTOEMISSION FROM SILICON

Ramon U. Martinelli

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 261 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653187 (2 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Infrared photoemission from p‐type silicon has been observed with a threshold of 1.1 eV. The surface of the sample has been activated to a state of effective negative electron affinity. The escape depth for thermal photoelectrons is 5.5μ (microns) and surface escape probability is 0.18.

EFFECT OF ARSENIC PRESSURE ON HEAT TREATMENT OF LIQUID EPITAXIAL GaAs

E. Munoz, W. L. Snyder, and J. L. Moll

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 262 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653188 (4 pages) | Cited 54 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Short‐time heat treatments in a H2 flow, and under an As vapor, have been performed on n‐type and p‐type GaAs crystals. Acceptors are created at the surface and proceed to the interior. The changes in carrier concentration as function of As vapor pressure showed the acceptors to be associated with As vacancies.

COHERENT OPTICAL DETECTION OF ULTRASONIC IMAGES USING ELECTRONIC SCANNING

P. S. Green, A. Macovski, and S. D. Ramsey

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 265 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653189 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Visualization of ultrasonic wavefields incident on an optically reflecting surface is effected by coherent optical detection of the deformations of this surface. A Twyman‐Green interferometer is used in which the orthogonal reference beam is frequency‐offset with an ultrasonic light modulator. The recombined light field is scanned with an image dissector, and the resulting image displayed on a kinescope.

LONG PULSE LASER EMISSION FROM RHODAMINE 6 G USING CYCLOOCTATETRAENE

R. Pappalardo, H. Samelson, and A. Lempicki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 267 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653190 (3 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Long pulse laser emission is obtained from Rhodamine 6 G using cyclooctatetraene to quench the triplet state of the dye. It is found that cyclooctatetraene is at least as effective as molecular oxygen.

LARGE‐AMPLITUDE CURRENT OSCILLATIONS IN n‐TYPE Ge

W. G. Guion and D. K. Ferry

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 269 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653191 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Threshold average electric fields of approximately 1 kV∕cm are experimentally observed for large‐amplitude sinusoidal current oscillations at 77°K. These oscillations are different from previously reported oscillations in n‐type Ge. The 0.25–1.0 A (rms) oscillations occur at frequencies near 1 GHz. The frequency is found to decrease with increasing electric field and to be relatively independent of magnetic field.

SPATIAL MODULATION OF LIGHT USING SURFACE WAVES IN AN INTERFEROMETER

Bill J. Hunsinger and D. Holshouser

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 272 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653192 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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An optical phase grating has been generated by introducing surface waves on one face of a Fabry‐Perot interferometer. This device called SWIM (Surface Wave Interference Modulator) produces a diffraction pattern at the Fourier plane in which the light intensity of the first‐order modulated beam is 1% of the zeroth order with an acoustic power of 0.85 mW∕mm beam width. First‐order intensities greater than 10% have been realized; however, the process is not linear at this modulation depth.

DIRECT OBSERVATION OF THE ASHLEY‐MILNES THREE‐HALVES POWER LAW POTENTIAL VERSUS DISTANCE IN THE PREBREAKDOWN SQUARE LAW REGION OF GOLD‐DOPED GERMANIUM DOUBLE‐INJECTION DIODES

W. E. Ham and K. L. Ashley

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 273 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653193 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Measurement of potential distributions versus distance in gold‐doped germanium double‐injection diodes have been made and compared to the Ashley‐Milnes theory. Estimates of capture cross sections of the gold centers based on these measurements have been calculated to be σn0 = 10−16 cm2 and σn− = 3 × 10−17 cm2 at 77.2°K.

SATURATION OF THE SELF‐INDUCED THERMAL DISTORTION OF LASER RADIATION IN A WIND

David C. Smith and Frederick G. Gebhardt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 275 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653194 (4 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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When a laser beam propagates in an absorbing medium flowing transverse to the direction of propagation, the beam may be deflected and distorted by the self‐induced thermal lens, which results from the absorbed laser beam energy. Experiments have been carried out examining the thermal bending and distortion of a cw CO2 laser beam in a 1‐m‐long wind tunnel. At the onset of the convection‐controlled thermal distortion, the peak intensity of the laser beam is reduced and shifted into the wind. For experimental conditions leading to severe thermal distortion of the beam shape, it is observed that the deflection and decrease in the peak laser beam intensity tend to approach a constant value. This result is interpreted as a saturation of the convection‐controlled, self‐induced thermal lens which occurs when the thermal distortion is large and accompanied by a significant reduction in the minimum characteristic beam dimension. In the experiments reported, the path length and minimum characteristic beam dimensions associated with the thermal distortion were such that diffraction effects may be involved together with the thermal lens process in producing the observed saturation effect.

MAGNETOCARDIOGRAMS TAKEN INSIDE A SHIELDED ROOM WITH A SUPERCONDUCTING POINT‐CONTACT MAGNETOMETER

David Cohen, Edgar A. Edelsack, and James E. Zimmerman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 278 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653195 (3 pages) | Cited 82 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A point‐contact (SQUID) magnetometer was used inside a shielded room to record the magnetic field of the human heart, without noise‐averaging. The resulting magnetocardiograms, with the peak signal at about 3 × 10−7 G had a noise level of about 1 × 10−9 G (rms, per root cycle). They approach good medical electrocardiograms in clarity, and are an order‐of‐magnitude improvement in sensitivity over previous magnetic detectors of the heart. These results suggest new medical uses for this magnetometer.

RADIATIVE RECOMBINATION FROM FIELD‐EXCITED HOT CARRIERS IN n‐GaAs

P. D. Southgate and D. S. Hall

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 280 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653196 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Photoluminescent spectra have been measured in n‐GaAs with applied fields of up to 2100 V cm−1. Hot electron distributions derived from the spectra are compared with drifted Maxwellian distributions having electron temperature equal to the lattice temperature.

TIME‐AVERAGED DENSITY PROFILE IN THE PRESENCE OF A FINITE‐AMPLITUDE HELICAL INSTABILITY

Carl A. Ventrice

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 283 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653197 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Time‐averaged density measurements are made in an argon plasma in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field of strength equal to eight times the critical field for a helical instability. Under certain conditions, the positive column is found to be dominated by a finite‐amplitude helical instability; and the functional form of the time‐averaged density profile is in agreement with the theory of Holter and Johnson.

FREQUENCY DEPENDENCE OF THE DEBYE LENGTH IN COMPENSATED EXTRINSIC PHOTOCONDUCTORS

A. Fenner Milton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 285 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653198 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A frequency‐dependent Debye length is derived for the case of unipolar photoconductivity in a compensated extrinsic photoconductor. The frequency dependence is associated with the finite time necessary to establish equilibrium between an excess free carrier density and a deficit ionized impurity density in the case of bipolar recombination. The frequency dependence of the Debye length leads to a frequency‐dependent effective drift length
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which can be used to explain the sweepout results obtained by Williams with mercury‐doped germanium photoconductors under high resistivity conditions.
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