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1 Oct 1970

Volume 17, Issue 7, pp. 271-309


ACOUSTIC SURFACE WAVES ON METALLIZED AND UNMETALLIZED Bi12GeO20

E. A. Kraut, B. R. Tittmann, L. J. Graham, and T. C. Lim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 271 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653397 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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New values for the elastic and piezoelectric constants of Bi12GeO20 and for their temperature derivatives are reported. With these new constants, the predicted value of Δv∕v for acoustic surface waves is significantly increased. This prediction has been verified by measurements of the acoustic surface‐wave velocity on the metallized and unmetallized (001) surface of Bi12GeO20 and by comparing the observed values with theory. On the (001) plane, the maximum Δv∕v occurs in the 〈110〉 direction. The predicted Δv∕v is 66×10−4 and the experimentally observed value is (77±15)×10−4.

THICKNESS OF Cs AND Cs☒O FILMS ON GaAs(Cs) AND GaAs(Cs☒O) PHOTOCATHODES

A. H. Sommer, H. H. Whitaker, and B. F. Williams

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 273 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653398 (2 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The Cs content of GaAs(Cs) and GaAs(Cs☒O) photocathodes was determined by direct chemical analysis. The surface films were found to be of monolayer dimension. From this result, it is concluded that the effect of these films on electron emission is probably not associated with the bulk properties of cesium oxide.

EFFECT OF ION‐IMPLANTATION DAMAGE ON THE OPTICAL REFLECTION SPECTRUM OF GALLIUM ARSENIDE

G. A. Shifrin and R. G. Hunsperger

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 274 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653399 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Optical (3–6 eV) reflectivity spectra of Cd+‐implanted layers of GaAs are examined as functions of dose in the range of 1012 to 8×1014 ions∕cm2 and of annealing up to 600°C. Characteristic peaks in the crystalline spectrum decrease smoothly with dose, with some saturation observed at about 6×1013∕cm2. Annealing tends to partially restore the spectra toward the crystalline form. Similarity with results for implanted silicon layers is noted. Reflectivity and observations of lattice damage by Rutherford scattering are correlated.

METHOD TO SEPARATE THE DESIRED RAYLEIGH WAVES FROM SPURIOUS ACOUSTIC MODES

Frederick Y. Cho, Kenneth M. Peterson, and Bill J. Hunsinger

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 276 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653400 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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A surface‐wave path containing a fluid interface region which couples Rayleigh waves from one crystal to another is an effective filter for passing Rayleigh waves while rejecting other in‐band spurious modes. Results of tests made on a wide‐band (50% bandwidth) variable delay line (5–15 μsec) incorporating this fluid interface filter are shown.

OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF A TRANSVERSE‐FLOW DF☒CO2 PURELY CHEMICAL LASER

Terrill A. Cool, John A. Shirley, and Ronald R. Stephens

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 278 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653401 (4 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Experimental results are presented giving the operating characteristics of a newly developed DF☒CO2 purely chemical laser. The present oscillator is capable of a maximum cw output power of 162 W at 10.6 μ with no external energy source used to initiate or sustain laser excitation. An optical axis has been employed aligned transverse to the flow direction with a view toward achieving operation which can be directly scaled to high output powers. Measurements of saturation parameter, unsaturated gain coefficients, and vibration‐rotation state populations for P‐ and R‐branch CO2 (00°1) → CO2 (10°0) transitions, power output, operating temperatures and pressures, and chemical efficiency are presented.

ELECTROMIGRATION‐INDUCED FAILURES IN ALUMINUM FILM CONDUCTORS

J. C. Blair, P. B. Ghate, and C. T. Haywood

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 281 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653402 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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See Also: Erratum

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Electromigration‐induced failures in aluminum film conductors have been studied. It is shown that large‐grain films have a longer mean time to failure (MTF) than the small‐grain films. A further increase in MTF is observed for films with a glass overcoating. This increase can be understood in terms of the observed grain growth which results from the glass overcoating process. Histograms showing the location of failures are interpreted to indicate that effects due to both temperature gradients and microstructural inhomogeneities are important.

A NEW METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF DEEP‐LEVEL IMPURITY CENTERS IN SEMICONDUCTORS

Yasuhito Zohta

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 284 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653403 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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It is pointed out that the conventional capacitance method and the Copeland method provide different results for the determination of impurity concentrations of semiconductor wafers in the presence of deep centers. On the basis of a discussion of this phenomenon, a simple method of determining the concentration and the energy level of deep centers is proposed and demonstrated. The method is checked by application to oxygen‐doped n‐type GaAs with a carrier concentration of 3.2×1015 cm−3. The result yields a value of 2.1×1016 cm−3 for the deep center concentration and a value of 0.57 eV below conduction band for the energy level of the deep centers, which are reasonable in comparison with other experimental data.

EFFICIENT CONVERSION OF A RUBY LASER TO 0.347 μ IN LOW LOSS LITHIUM IODATE

G. Nath, H. Mehmanesch, and M. Gsänger

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 286 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653404 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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The second harmonic of a ruby laser has been produced in LiIO3 crystals, showing hardly any optical absorption at 0.347 μ. Using these new crystals external to the laser cavity conversion efficiencies up to 40% have been achieved using an incident unfocussed beam of about 130 MW∕cm2. After 5–10 shots, a first small internal damage spot appeared inside the LiIO3 crystal. For a beam diameter of 3 mm several hundred shots with a conversion efficiency of 40% were possible.

MEASUREMENT OF ULTRASONIC SURFACE WAVE VELOCITY AND ABSORPTIVITY ON SINGLE‐CRYSTAL COPPER

Orest I. Diachok, Robert J. Hallermeier, and Walter G. Mayer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 288 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653405 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Light‐ultrasound interaction techniques were employed to measure the velocity and absorptivity of surface waves in various directions on the (100) face of single‐crystal copper sample. Schlieren images of beam displacement at the liquid‐sample interface were used to determine crystal orientation.

SPONTANEOUS AND LASER EMISSION FROM Pb1−xSnxTe DIODES PREPARED BY Sb DIFFUSION

G. A. Antcliffe and J. S. Wrobel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 290 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653406 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Impurity diffusion, using the donor impurity Sb, has been used to prepare high‐quality Pb1−xSnxTe (x=0.13–0.20) light‐emitting diodes. The emission of 8–14 μ spontaneous and laserlike radiation from these diodes is discussed in terms of the optical gain expected at these wavelengths.

NONLINEAR OPTICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF LITHIUM FORMATE MONOHYDRATE

S. Singh, W. A. Bonner, J. R. Potopowicz, and L. G. Van Uitert

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 292 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653407 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Nonlinear optical coefficient, optical transmission, and refractive indices of orthorhombic lithium formate monohydrate single crystals have been measured. The crystals are transparent from 0.25 to about 1.2μm and suffer no optical damage. The SHG can be phase‐matched for a large number of fundamental wavelengths in the range of transparency of the material. The phase‐matchable nonlinear coefficient d24 = d32 = 3.5×d11α‐SiO2. For the 1.064 to 0.532μm conversion, both d24 and d32 are phase‐matchable and the conversion efficiency is found to be twice that of LiIO3.

A UNIVERSAL MICROSECTIONING TECHNIQUE FOR DIFFUSION

D. Gupta and R. T. C. Tsui

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 294 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653408 (4 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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rf sputter etching has been successful tested for microsectioning and profiling of Au195 radioactive tracer self‐diffusion into Au. It was possible to obtain sections of only 50 Å thickness in a reproducible manner and measure extremely small diffusion coefficients. The technique is expected to lend itself universally for diffusion microsectioning.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FORWARD‐BIASED LONG SILICON P+PN+ STRUCTURES AT LOW TEMPERATURE

M. Brousseau, J. Barrau, and J. C. Brabant

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 297 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653409 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Conduction processes in long Si P+PN+ structures at low temperature have been investigated. Using an impulse method which separates the potential drop across the P region, we have obtained a very good agreement with the Lampert‐Ashley model for high‐level double injection.

BARIUM MANGANESE FLUORIDE, A NEW CRYSTAL FOR MICROWAVE ULTRASONICS

E. G. Spencer, H. J. Guggenheim, and G. J. Kominiak

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 300 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653410 (2 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Frequency and temperature dependence of the microwave elastic properties and the velocities of propagation are reported for BaMnF4. A sharp anomaly in attenuation indicates that a crystallographic phase transition occurs at T=255°K.

REDUCTION IN SHG EFFICIENCY IN TELLURIUM BY PHOTOINDUCED CARRIERS

W. B. Gandrud and R. L. Abrams

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 302 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653411 (4 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Absorption of 10.6‐μ pump radiation by photoinduced carriers has been found to seriously degrade the performance of Te as a frequency doubler for the CO2 laser. Simultaneous absorption of 5.3‐ and 10.6‐μ photons is shown to be the most likely mechanism for carrier production. The effect limits the peak SHG efficiency to 15% and the average efficiency to 5% under the conditions of this experiment. The effect may also degrade the performance of proposed parametric oscillators using Te as the nonlinear element.

HIGH‐PRESSURE PULSED XENON LASER

S. E. Schwarz, T. A. DeTemple, and Russell Targ

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 305 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653412 (2 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Pulsed laser action in neutral xenon has been obtained using a transversely excited helium‐xenon discharge with xenon partial pressure in the range 5–50 Torr. The optimum xenon partial pressure is 100 to 1000 times greater than that in previously reported cw xenon lasers. Pulses of 1000‐W peak power and 0.5‐μsec duration are obtained, with spectral components at 2.027, 3.508, and 3.652μ.

SINGLE PASS GAIN OF EXCIPLEX 4‐MU AND RHODAMINE 6G DYE LASER AMPLIFIERS

C. V. Shank, A. Dienes, and W. T. Silfvast

Appl. Phys. Lett. 17, 307 (1970); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653413 (3 pages) | Cited 71 times

Online Publication Date: 21 October 2003

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Single pass gain has been measured in N2 laser pumped exciplex 4‐Methylumbelliferone (4‐MU) and rhodamine 6G dye lasers using a technique developed by Silfvast and Deech for high‐gain pulsed metal vapor lasers. The gain is measured by comparing the intensities of amplified spontaneous emission in single and double cell lengths with the maximum unsaturated single‐pass gain being limited by the saturation of the spontaneous emission. Maximum unsaturated gains on the order of 20 dB∕cm were measured for both dyes. The gain was found to vary linearly with pump power. The technique was also used to measure the variation of gain with wavelength for a given pump power. The maximum gain for exciplex 4‐MU occurred at the fluorescence peak, whereas for rhodamine 6G it was shifted to a longer wavelength due to ground‐state reabsorption. By fitting the measured gain versus wavelength to the theory, it was possible to deduce the fractional excited singlet population in the rhodamine 6G solution.
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