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15 May 1971

Volume 18, Issue 10, pp. 413-470

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EFFICIENT ELECTRON EMISSION FROM GaAs☒Al1−xGaxAs OPTOELECTRONIC COLD‐CATHODE STRUCTURES

H. Schade, H. Nelson, and H. Kressel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 413 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653472 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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An optoelectronic cold‐cathode structure has been operated at pulsed (1% duty cycle emission current densities of 3 A∕cm2 at an over‐all efficiency of 1.6%. Continuous operation at a current density of 0.4 A∕cm2 and an efficiency of 0.43% has been observed.

THE RESISTIVITY OF EPITAXIAL FILMS OF SILVER WITH CONTROLLED SURFACE ROUGHNESS

A. Berman and H.J. Juretschke

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 415 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653473 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The resistivity of epitaxial silver films on mica in vacuum is studied as a function of temperature, thickness, and surface specularity on a sequence of samples having a common silver‐mica interface. Surface roughness is controlled by low‐temperature evaporation of very thin silver overlays. Typical size effect behavior is obtained, but the resistivity variation with temperature is less than in bulk and decreases for thinner films and rougher surfaces. Interpretation in terms of a Fuchs‐Sondheimer model requires temperature‐dependent specularity parameters.

ORIGIN OF THE ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECT IN SILVER

A. Berman and H.J. Juretschke

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 417 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653475 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The electric field effect of epitaxial silver films on mica in vacuum is studied as a function of temperature, thickness, and surface specularity. Using size‐effect parameters derived from the analysis of film resistivity, the data indicate that the predominant mechanism for altering the thin‐film conductance is the change in surface scattering due to surface charging of the interface.

SYNTHESIS OF Nb3Sn BY SHOCK WAVES

G. Otto, O. Y. Reece, and U. Roy

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 418 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653476 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The energy of a converging shock wave has been used to form the intermetallic compound Nb3Sn from its elemental powders. A reaction pattern indicative of compound formation is observed when a critical shock pressure is exceeded. The compound is obtained in a ``pressure‐temperature quenched state'' and exhibits a transition temperature to superconductivity of 16.3°K.

ORIGIN OF HIGH RESISTANCE AT THE EPITAXIAL LAYER‐SUBSTRATE INTERFACE OF GaAs GROWN BY VAPOR EPITAXY

Hideo Iwasaki and Kiyoshi Sugibuchi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 420 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653477 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A photoluminescence band at 1.40 eV has been observed at 90 °K only at the interface between the epitaxial layer and the substrate in the vapor‐grown GaAs crystal. The defect responsible for the band is considered to correlate with a shift of the Fermi level toward the valence band in this interface region and to be related to the acceptor created in GaAs bulk crystal which is heat treated in H2. The defect may be the deeper of two kinds of acceptors associated with the Si impurity on an As site in GaAs crystal.

PHOTORESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF EXTENDED SURFACE‐BARRIER DIODES

D. H. Seib

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 422 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653478 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Surface‐barrier diodes, which show a reversal of the photoresponse polarity with changing photon energy, have been fabricated by diffusing Cu into heavily n‐type GaAs. The photoresponse is found to depend strongly upon applied bias. These properties are explained in terms of a model in which a thin compensated region at the semiconductor surface allows the simultaneous photoemission of both holes and electrons from the metal into the semiconductor.

CONTINUOUS SELF‐MODE‐LOCKING IN A CO☒He☒O2 LASER

Ph. Brechignac and F. Legay

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 424 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653479 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Observation of self‐locking of longitudinal and transverse modes in a cw CO☒He☒O2 laser is reported. Experimental results are given for different lengths of the optical cavity.

CH FREE RADICALS DETECTED BY INFRARED LASER MAGNETIC RESONANCE

K. M. Evenson, H. E. Radford, and M. M. Moran

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 426 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653480 (4 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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CH radicals in an oxyacetylene flame have been detected by a magnetic resonance absorption method, with a water‐vapor laser as the source oscillator at a frequency of 2.5 THz. The absorption spectrum is identified with the pure rotational transition, J, K=(5∕2, 2) → (7∕2, 3) at a wavelength of 118. 6 μm.

cw SELF‐INDUCED FREQUENCY MODULATION AND SWITCHING OF A LASER BEAM IN LIQUIDS

F. W. Dabby and U. C. Paek

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 430 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653481 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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cw self‐induced frequency modulation of a laser beam has been observed in liquids having a low surface tension. The modulation manifested itself as a time‐varying thermal lens with a focal length which varied on a time scale of 1 Hz. The actual frequency change of the laser beam was much more rapid. At very high intensity, the laser beam deflected from the gravitational center to the forward direction (90°) in approximately 10 μsec. A simple phenomenological explanation is used to correctly predict the functional dependence of the modulation frequency.

SPECTRAL NARROWING OF DYE LASER OUTPUT BY INJECTION OF MONOCHROMATIC RADIATION INTO THE LASER CAVITY

L. E. Erickson and A. Szabo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 433 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653482 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Spectral narrowing of dye‐laser output by injection of monochromatic radiation is reported. The pulsed N2‐pumped exciplex laser was narrowed from 400 to 0.0016 Å with injection of 50 mW of 5145‐Å light with no change in total power output.

PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS OF AN rf‐SPUTTERING GLOW DISCHARGE

J. W. Coburn and Eric Kay

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 435 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653483 (4 pages) | Cited 65 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The positive ions incident on the substrate plane in a planar diode discharge system are observed with an electrostatic deflection energy analyzer and a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Several targets have been rf sputtered in rare‐gas discharges and the mass spectra that are obtained indicate that the sputtered species, which leave the target predominantly as neutrals, are subsequently ionized in the discharge by Penning ionization rather than by electron‐impact ionization or other ion‐molecule reactions.

EFFICIENT HIGH‐GAIN PARAMETRIC GENERATION IN ADP CONTINUOUSLY TUNABLE ACROSS THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM

J. M. Yarborough and G. A. Massey

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 438 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653484 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Coherent visible light, continuously tunable over the range from 4200 to 7300 Å, has been obtained by pumping an ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) crystal with the ultraviolet fourth harmonic of a Nd: YAG laser. Parametric gains sufficient to produce up to 25% average power conversion of the pump to the tunable visible output were obtained without the use of an external resonator. The output radiation typically had a 5‐Å bandwidth, 2‐nsec pulse duration, 100‐kW peak power, and 5‐mW average power at 30 pps. Wavelength tuning was accomplished either by varying the crystal temperature, or by varying its orientation with respect to the pump beam. Angle tuning allows the output to be rapidly tuned across the visible spectrum.

A FAR‐INFRARED COUPLED‐CAVITY INTERFEROMETER

R. W. Peterson and F. C. Jahoda

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 440 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653485 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A coupled‐cavity HCN laser interferometer (337 μ) is described. Phase‐shift sensitivity of 1∕20 fringe (∫n dl=1.6×1013 cm−2 for free electrons) has been achieved. The present time resolution of 6 μsec is determined by the available mechanical motion and is not the limit of the interferometer capability. The use of this laser for measuring a low‐density transient plasma is illustrated.

SECONDARY ELECTRON EMISSION OF AMORPHOUS SEMICONDUCTOR THIN FILMS

A. C. M. Chen, J. F. Norton, and J. M. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 443 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653486 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The secondary electron yields of amorphous and the crystalline phases of thin films of Ge☒Te☒As are reported. For film which exhibited reversible bistable conductivity, a large change in yield between the amorphous and the crystalline phases was measured. For film which exhibited irreversible bistable conductivity only a small change was found.

5PbO⋅3GeO2 CRYSTAL; A NEW FERROELECTRIC

Hiroshi Iwasaki, Kiyomasa Sugii, Tomoaki Yamada, and Nobukazu Niizeki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 444 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653487 (2 pages) | Cited 85 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Dielectric constants and refractive indices of a 5PbO ⋅ 3GeO2 crystal, which was grown from the melt by by the Czochralski method, were measured as a function of temperature. The crystal was identified as a new type of ferroelectric with spontaneous polarization Ps = 0.046 C∕m2, coercive field Ec ∼ 2.3 × 106 V∕m at room temperature, and Tc = 177°C.

PHASE‐MATCHED UP CONVERSION OF 10.6‐μ RADIATION IN ZnGeP2

G. D. Boyd, W. B. Gandrud, and E. Buehler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 446 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653488 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Phase‐matched sum mixing of 10.6‐ and 1.06‐μ radiation has been observed at near normal to the optic axis in ZnGeP2. Its theoretical performance as a 10.6‐μ detector via up conversion compares favorably with direct detection by a cooled Ge:Hg photoconductive detector. The sum‐mixing efficiency of ZnGeP2 is 140 times superior to that of Ag3AsS3, the next best material. The large angular aperture resulting from θm ≃ 90° indicates that the material will be useful for image up conversion.

SPONTANEOUS PARAMETRIC SCATTERING OF LIGHT IN PROUSTITE

A. Hordvik, H. R. Schlossberg, and C. M. Stickley

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 448 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653489 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The spontaneous parametric scattering from ruby‐laser‐pumped proustite crystals has been investigated. By rotating the crystal, the signal wavelength was tuned from 0.7293 to 1.0875 μ corresponding to an idler wavelength range of 14.6 to 1.93 μ. Frequency tuning by varying the crystal temperature was found to be less efficient than for LiNbO3. Bandwidth and effect of idler absorption were also studied, and the effective nonlinear coefficients of proustite and LiNbO3 were compared.

THIRD‐ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL COEFFICIENTS OF LiIO3

Masakatsu Okada

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 451 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653490 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The third‐order nonlinear optical coefficients of LiIO3 have been measured by third harmonic generation. It has been found that the third‐order nonlinear optical coefficient c35 is large. The coefficient c12 has a finite value, which shows that Kleinman's symmetry relations are not strictly valid in LiIO3.

VISUAL OBSERVATION OF SUBMILLIMETER WAVE LASER BEAMS

F. Keilmann and K. F. Renk

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 452 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653491 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The operation of a thermal image converter for infrared and submillimeter wave laser radiation is reported. An energy density of 0.004 J∕cm2 is sufficient for full contrast, independent of wavelength. Photographs taken with HCN laser radiation are shown.

cw LASER OSCILLATION IN SINGLY IONIZED MAGNESIUM

D. T. Hodges

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 454 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653492 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Laser oscillation is reported for the first time in Mg II. cw lasing at the milliwatt level occurred in a He☒Mg discharge at wavelengths of 0.9218, 0.9244, 1.0915, and 1.0952 μ. For helium pressures below 2 Torr, saturation of laser power with discharge current was not observed at currents up to 800 mA. The possibility of extending the lasing spectrum into the visible and ultraviolet is discussed.

ANOMALOUSLY HIGH NONLINEAR OPTICAL EFFECTS IN m‐NITROANILINE

P. D. Southgate and D. S. Hall

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 456 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653493 (3 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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High values of electro‐optic coupling and second‐harmonic generation coefficients have been found in m‐nitroaniline; Miller's Δ coefficients are higher than any previously reported. The shape of the absorption band rather than a favorable bond‐orientation geometry appears to be responsible.

SEALED‐OFF OPERATION OF STABLE CO LASERS

C. Freed

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 458 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653494 (4 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Several watts of stable (Δf∕f≤3×10−10) pure TEM00q‐mode output power was obtained from completely sealed‐off CO lasers at operating temperatures between +35 and −90°C. No deterioration of output powers has been seen after hundreds of hours of sealed‐off operation.

NEW ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN NITROGEN‐ION‐IMPLANTED CdS

Hiroshi Sugimoto, Yasuhiro Shiraki, and Kiichi F. Komatsubara

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 461 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653495 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The EPR of a new impurity center in nitrogen‐implanted CdS has been observed. The observed fine and hyperfine structures show that this center is in the triplet state (S=1) and consists of a couple of N nuclei, which is similar to a nitrogen molecule. On the basis of the experimental data, the resonance spectrum is assigned to N2−− center substituted for sulfur ion in CdS. The molecular axis of the center was found to be coincident with the crystal c axis.

ELECTROMAGNETIC CYCLOTRON INSTABILITY

Kai Fong Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 463 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653496 (4 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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It is shown that in plasmas described by model velocity distributions of the ``ring'' or the loss‐cone type, linearly polarized electromagnetic waves propagating across the magnetic field can be unstable around harmonics of the cyclotron frequencies. For suitable combinations of plasma and magnetic field parameters, the maximum growth rates of these electro‐magnetic cyclotron instabilities are proportional to the plasma frequency and the average of the square of the parallel velocities.

OPTICAL SELF‐PULSING OF JUNCTION LASERS OPERATING CONTINUOUSLY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

José E. Ripper and Thomas L. Paoli

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 466 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653497 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Pulsing of the output light intensity as a result of self‐induced second‐order mode locking is reported for double‐heterostructure (DH) stripe‐geometry junction lasers operating continuously at room temperature. In comparison with previously reported results for homostructure lasers operating at low temperatures, the self‐induced pulsing in DH lasers occurs at a lower frequency and over a greater range of current and temperature. These differences are attributed to the lower dispersion and lower Q of the laser modes due to the increased temperature and not to the difference in laser structure. In addition, new effects associated with transitions of the mode locking from one modal family to another with different transverse spatial distribution are described.
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