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15 Jan 1971

Volume 18, Issue 2, pp. 39-66


SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF RESONATING QUARTZ CRYSTALS

R. J. Gerdes and C. E. Wagner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 39 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653552 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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SL‐ and AT‐cut quartz crystal resonators which are commonly used in frequency control devices were examined in the scanning electron microscope. The quartz slices were resonated at frequencies ranging from 455 kHz to 15 MHz. Variations in surface charges which were produced during resonance strongly affected secondary electron emission. Therefore, micrographs could be obtained which were characteristic of the various modes of motion of the resonators. From displacements of topographical features during resonance approximate values for the amplitudes of face and thickness shear were obtained.

ANNEALING OF ELECTRON‐IRRADIATED CdS

Michiharu Kitagawa and Toshio Yoshida

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 41 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653553 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Isochronal annealing of radiation‐induced changes in the conductivity, the carrier concentration, and the Hall mobility of CdS crystals has been studied over the temperature range 90–410 °K. High‐conductivity crystals were irradiated by 10‐MeV electrons near liquid‐nitrogen temperature. The conductivity σ, the carrier concentration n, and the Hall mobility μ are decreased by irradiation. Three distinct annealing stages IN, IIN, and IIIN were found. The reverse annealing process slightly occurs in stage IN, 100–130 °K. Appreciable normal recovery occurs in stages IIN, 130–230 °K and IIIN, 330–410 °K. After the annealing at 410 °K the percentages of total recovery of σ, n, and μ amount to 74, 78, and 94% of the changes, respectively. The recovery in stage IIN and stage IIIN suggests that two kinds of induced acceptors which also act as charged scattering centers begin to migrate in the temperature ranges; one moves in stage IIN, and the other in stage IIIN.

LOW‐THRESHOLD LOC GaAs INJECTION LASERS

H. Kressel, H. F. Lockwood, and F. Z. Hawrylo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 43 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653554 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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We report new results with the large optical cavity (LOC) injection lasers previously described. It is shown that by narrowing the n region adjacent to the junction, the threshold current decreases without decreasing the differential quantum efficiency. Furthermore, epitaxial growth of all layers was used, and diffusion was avoided. Fabry‐Perot mode threshold current densities as low as 1700 A∕cm2 were obtained with differential quantum efficiencies of about 50% and power conversion efficiencies of 20% at room temperature.

p‐TYPE CONDUCTION IN Li‐DOPED ZnSe

Y. S. Park, P. M. Hemenger, and C. H. Chung

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 45 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653555 (2 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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p‐type conduction was observed in ZnSe grown from the vapor phase and from the melt in the presence of lithium dopants. Hall measurements are presented.

ENHANCEMENT OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN THIN INDIUM FILMS

M. M. Garland

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 47 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653556 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The effect of elastic tensile stress on the superconducting transition temperature of thin indium films is investigated through the use of specially fabricated substrates. It is found that the transition temperatures may be elevated as much as 0.91 °K above the bulk value.

ENERGY STORAGE OF CF3I PHOTODISSOCIATION LASER

P. Gensel, K. Hohla, and K. L. Kompa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 48 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653557 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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An experimental study of the time dependence of the Q‐switched energy of a CF3I laser shows that the storage of energy can be increased in inhomogeneous magnetic fields. Chemical pumping adds to the photolytic generation of excited I atoms.

LOW‐NOISE cw HOLLOW‐CATHODE ZINC‐ION LASER

R. C. Jensen, G. J. Collins, and W. R. Bennett

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 50 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653558 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A study of the noise spectra of cw zinc‐ion lasers using hollow cathode and more conventional discharges is reported. It is found in the present work that the hollow‐cathode mode of operation has two very attractive advantages over previous discharge tube designs for use in zinc‐ion lasers: First, the noise on the output beam is at a very much lower level; second, there is a substantial improvement in gain per unit length on transitions from high‐lying states of the ion.

INDUCED REVERSAL OF ELECTRETS

Oleg Jefimenko and David K. Walker

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 52 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653559 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The reversal of electret polarity can be accelerated by temporarily unshielding the electret immediately after formation. As a result, the electret attains stable charge in a comparatively short time. Data on carnauba wax electrets with accelerated, or ``induced'', polarity reversal are presented and discussed.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS FOR MATCHED FILTERING

R. B. MacAnally

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 54 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653560 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Displays utilizing dynamic scattering in a room‐temperature nematic liquid crystal were found suitable as input planes both for recording matched filters and for correlating with matched filters. Autocorrelation spot intensities exceeding 13 dB above background and cross‐correlation spot intensities less than 2 dB above background are easily obtained from target areas of only 20 mm2.

HOLOGRAM RECORDING BY ALIGNING OF ANISOTROPIC COLOR CENTERS

F. Lanzl, U. Röder, and W. Waidelich

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 56 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653561 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The ability of storing information by aligning of anisotropic color centers is shown by means of FA centers in KCl. The process of recording volume holograms in these crystals and the reconstruction is reported.

INFRARED DIFFERENCE‐FREQUENCY GENERATION USING A TUNABLE DYE LASER

C. F. Dewey and L. O. Hocker

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 58 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653562 (3 pages) | Cited 25 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Intense infrared radiation has been produced in the 3–4μ region by generating the difference frequency between a wavelength‐tunable dye laser and a Q‐switched ruby laser. Saturation of the conversion of ruby photons to sum‐and‐difference frequencies was observed on a single pass through a phase‐matched LiNbO3 crystal. The system appears to be attractive as a simple, highly efficient, and broadly tunable infrared source.

MOBILE CYLINDRICAL DOMAINS IN EPITAXIAL Ga: YIG FILMS

J. E. Mee, G. R. Pulliam, D. M. Heinz, J. M. Owens, and P. J. Besser

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 60 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653564 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The properties of mobile cylindrical ``bubble'' magnetic domains observed in gallium‐substituted epitaxial yttrium iron garnet films are discussed. At epitaxial film thickness of 5 μm, cylindrical domain diameters of 8 μm are measured at a bias magnetic field of 19 Oe.

EXPLANATION OF PLASMA DENSITIES HIGH ABOVE CRITICAL DENSITY IN A CYLINDER EXCITED BY AN rf HELIX

A. E. Aubert, A. M. Messiaen, and P. E. Vandenplas

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 63 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653565 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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We show that the density characteristics of plasmas created by an rf helix are completely determined by the low‐power resonance features of the bounded system, which is constituted by the plasma column and the surrounding helix of finite axial length. Whether a magnetic field is present or not, plasma densities high above critical density are obtained in agreement with the general philosophy previously developed. Experiments already performed without magnetic field support the theoretical predictions.
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ERRATUM: ELASTIC WAVES GUIDED BY A FLUID LAYER: A NEW TYPE OF ULTRASONIC WAVE PROPAGATION

W. C. Wang, P. Staecker, and R. C. M. Li

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 66 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653566 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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