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15 Mar 1971

Volume 18, Issue 6, pp. 211-264


CURRENT INSTABILITIES IN n‐InP

H. L. Grubin, M. P. Shaw, and E. M. Conwell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 211 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653633 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Theory indicates that the frequent observation of circuit‐controlled oscillations in n‐InP, rather than transit‐time oscillations, may be attributed to low cathode boundary fields and the shape of the velocity‐electric field relation. For higher boundary fields, in the NDC region, computer calculations show recycling domains with some differences from GaAs. The incorporation of a large diffusion coefficient altered these results only in a minor way.

APPLICATION OF AN IMAGE ORTHICON CAMERA TUBE TO X‐RAY DIFFRACTION TOPOGRAPHY UTILIZING THE DOUBLE‐CRYSTAL ARRANGEMENT

Hiroo Hashizume, Kazutake Kohra, Tomoyori Yamaguchi, and Kojiro Kinoshita

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 213 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653634 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A video imaging system utilizing a high sensitive image orthicon camera tube has been set up and applied to x‐ray diffraction topography using the double‐crystal arrangement of parallel setting. The system gives a video signal of S∕N 20 dB for incident 3 × 104 x‐ray photons sec−1 mm−2. The resolution of the system is 300 μ for 70% of the modulation transfer function, limited presently by the resolution of the x‐ray phosphor. As an example, long‐range elastic strains in an Sb‐doped silicon crystal have been studied.

STIMULATED ANTI‐STOKES SPIN‐FLIP RAMAN SCATTERING IN InSb

E. D. Shaw and C. K. N. Patel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 215 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653635 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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We report the first observation of tunable stimulated anti‐Stokes spin‐flip Raman (SFR) scattering in InSb. Using a CO2 laser at 10.6μ as the pump, the anti‐Stokes SFR laser is tunable from ∼10.0 to ∼9.4μ, and the concurrently appearing Stokes SFR laser is tunable from ∼11.3 to 12.2μ by changing the magnetic field from ∼30 to ∼65 kG.

MEASUREMENTS OF CATHODE SPOT TEMPERATURE IN VACUUM ARCS

Takao Utsumi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 218 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653636 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The cathode spot temperatures of various metals in vacuum arcs have been measured for the first time on the basis of the Maxwellian portion of velocity distribution of the vapor atoms emanating from the cathode spot region by employing the combined technique of time‐of‐flight and quadrupole mass analysis.

MICROSTRUCTURAL EFFECTS ON THE MINORITY‐CARRIER DIFFUSION LENGTH IN EPITAXIAL GaAs

M. S. Abrahams, C. J. Buiocchi, and B. F. Williams

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 220 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653637 (4 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Homo‐ and heteroepitaxial layers of GaAs were examined by transmission electron microscopy. The epitaxial layers contained four types of defects. These were intrinsic stacking faults, extrinsic faulted loops, dislocations, and precipitates. It is shown that, of these defects, the ones most responsible for limiting the minority‐carrier diffusion length are stacking faults.

SEQUENTIAL EXCITATION OF LONGITUDINAL MODES IN GaAs LASERS

Harold Wieder

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 223 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653638 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Experimental evidence is presented which demonstrates that, in the vicinity of threshold, GaAs lasers exhibit longitudinal mode hopping, in agreement with the theory of Popov et al.

DISSOCIATION AND BREAKDOWN OF MOLECULAR GASES BY PULSED CO2 LASER RADIATION

N. R. Isenor and M. C. Richardson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 224 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653639 (3 pages) | Cited 66 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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In gases which absorb CO2 laser radiation, luminescence, consisting largely of the molecular spectra of dissociation products, precedes the occurence of breakdown. Temporal, spatial, and spectral characteristics of this radiation and also of the sparks produced in a number of gases have been studied.

AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY MADE QUANTITATIVE BY ELLIPSOMETRIC CALIBRATION

J. J. Vrakking and F. Meyer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 226 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653640 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Auger electron spectroscopy has been calibrated for various atoms absorbed on clean silicon surfaces by using ellipsometry. The Auger peak heights, measured as the first derivative of the energy distribution, were found to be proportional to surface coverage up to 1.5 monoatomic layer. The advantages of this particular combination of techniques are discussed.

EFFICIENT, SINGLE‐MODE, cw, TUNABLE SPIN‐FLIP RAMAN LASER

S. R. J. Brueck and A. Mooradian

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 229 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653641 (2 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Continuous operation of a spin‐flip Raman laser in InSb using a CO pump laser has been achieved in a single longitudinal and single transverse mode with over‐all power conversion efficiency in excess of 50% and output power in excess of 1 W. Measured threshold powers were less than 50 mW.

CHOLESTERIC LIQUID CRYSTALS FOR OPTICAL APPLICATIONS

Frederic J. Kahn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 231 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653642 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The optical and thermal properties of mixtures of MBBA and COC are reported on as an example of cholesteric liquid crystals incorporating molecules which are not cholesterol derivatives. These materials exhibit relatively broad optical bandwidths, efficient polarizing characteristics, extremely weak temperature dependences, and high structural order properties which should be useful in optical devices.

CONSTRUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF WEAK‐LINK DETECTORS USING SUPERCONDUCTING LAYER STRUCTURES

F. Consadori, A. A. Fife, R. F. Frindt, and S. Gygax

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 233 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653643 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A new technique for the construction of weak‐link loop devices (SQUID) is presented, which uses single crystals of NbSe2, a superconducting layer structure. The devices display excellent stability against mechanical shock and thermal cycling to cryogenic temperatures. A comparison is made with existing point‐contact devices.

A NEW HIGH‐FIELD SUPERCONDUCTOR, V2HfxZr1−x

Kiyoshi Inoue, Kyōji Tachikawa, and Y. Iwasa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 235 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653644 (3 pages) | Cited 31 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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C‐15 type structure V2HfxZr1−x shows a high resistive critical field exceeding 200 kOe at 4.2°K whenever x>0.3. The highest transition temperature, 10.1°K, and critical field, 230 kOe, are achieved with the composition V2Hf0.5Zr0.5. For this material the critical current density at 4.2°K and 130 kOe is as high as 1×105 A∕cm2, which should make it of interest for practical use at high fields.

GAIN OF CO2 GASDYNAMIC LASERS

George Lee and Forrest E. Gowen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 237 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653646 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations of gain for a cw CO2 gasdynamic laser were made for a CO2, N2, He mixture. A temperature range of 800 to 2000°K, pressure range of 2 to 16 atm, and a complete range of gas mixtures were studied. Optimum gain was achieved at a temperature of 1600°K, a helium mole fraction near 40%, and a CO2 mole fraction of approximately 20%. Gain was essentially independent of pressure.

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE ATTENUATION OF MICROWAVE FREQUENCY ELASTIC SURFACE WAVES IN QUARTZ

Alan J. Budreau and Paul H. Carr

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 239 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653647 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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See Also: Erratum

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The attenuation of elastic surface waves propagating in vacuum along the x axis of Y‐cut quartz has been measured from 4.2 to 300 K over the frequency range 0.57–1.54 GHz. The temperature‐dependent propagation loss was 2.2 dB∕μsec at 1.0 GHz. At temperatures below 23 K, the attenuation was ωT4, while above 70 K it was temperature‐independent and in good agreement with the predictions of the viscosity model.

SPACE‐CHARGE RECOMBINATION OSCILLATIONS IN DOUBLE‐INJECTION STRUCTURES

Willes H. Weber and G. W. Ford

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 241 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653648 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The small‐signal impedance is derived for a double‐injection structure operating in the low‐injection square‐law regime. Space‐charge effects are found to be essential. Spontaneous voltage oscillations are found to occur above a threshold voltage Vth. The theory gives quantitative agreement with experimental results for Au‐doped Si p‐i‐n diodes. These include the temperature dependence of Vth and the threshold frequency as well as the voltage dependence of the frequency above threshold.

OPTICAL NONLINEAR SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE

J. Jerphagnon and H. W. Newkirk

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 245 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653649 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The nonlinear coefficients of beryllium oxide measured relative to quartz by the Maker fringe technique are d31(BeO) = ± (0.46 ± 0.03)d11 (SiO2) and d33(BeO) = ± (0.63 ± 0.04)d11 (SiO2) for a fundamental beam at 1.064μ. A simple model accounting for the value of the ratio d31(BeO) ∕ d33(BeO) is proposed.

MICROMAGNETIC SOLUTIONS FOR BUBBLE DOMAINS

Y. S. Lin and Y. O. Tu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 247 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653650 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The cylindrically symmetric bubble domain bounded by a one‐dimensional 180° Bloch wall is analyzed based on a micromagnetic theory. The magnetization distribution in a wall and the bubble energy are calculated as functions of the plate thickness and material parameters. The energy of a bubble (energy relative to that of a saturated platelet) is found to be small (10−5 erg for orthoferrites) compared to the individual energy (magnetostatic, exchange, and anisotropy) terms. The wall thickness is approximated reasonably well by (A∕K)1∕2. Bubbles with thicker walls yield lower energy and larger wall mobility but bubble size is not affected. It is concluded that Thiele's results of assuming zero wall thickness are valid since the bubble size is nearly independent of wall thickness.

MEASUREMENT OF PICOSECOND PULSE SHAPE AND BACKGROUND LEVEL

D. H. Auston

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 249 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653651 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The approximate shape and the background level of picosecond pulses from an Nd:glass laser have been determined by the measurement of a correlation function which is sensitive to pulse shape and asymmetry. A combination of second harmonic generation and a phase‐matched four‐photon parametric interaction was used to obtain the correlation function. The pulses were found to be symmetric with a mean width of 12 psec and have an average background level of 10−4.

ACOUSTO‐OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS OF ACOUSTIC‐WAVE GENERATION IN PIEZOELECTRICS COUPLED TO A GUNN OSCILLATOR

A. Ishida and M. Sumi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 252 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653652 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The acoustic‐wave generation in LiNbO3 coupled to a GaAs Gunn oscillator was studied acousto‐optically. Domain propagation along the x axis of LiNbO3 produces a y‐propagating S6 wave whose frequency is equal to the Gunn oscillator frequency. The S6 wave causes the deflection and the polarization rotation of light normally incident upon the xy plane. The effect is very attractive for its applications to acousto‐optic devices.

RAPID REVERSIBLE LIGHT‐INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION OF AMORPHOUS SEMICONDUCTORS

J. Feinleib, J. deNeufville, S. C. Moss, and S. R. Ovshinsky

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 254 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653653 (4 pages) | Cited 174 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Rapid crystallization and equally rapid revitrification of amorphous chalcogenide films exposed to short laser pulses has been observed. A model is developed in which both the speed of crystallization and the reversibility are attributed to the large enhancement of crystallization rate under the influence of the photon flux.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATION OF LATTICE DISORDER IN ION‐IMPLANTED SILICON

M. Bertolotti, D. Sette, L. Stagni, and G. Vitali

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 257 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653654 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A technique of electron microscope observation of a replica of the chemical etched surface has been used to see the disorder produced around the single‐ion paths in In‐implanted Si. Structures of variable dimensions ranging from about 100 Å up to nearly 600 Å in diameter have been observed, with a density of about 1010 cm−2 in a very thin layer in the surface.

n‐p JUNCTION PHOTOVOLTAIC DETECTORS IN PbTe PRODUCED BY PROTON BOMBARDMENT

J. P. Donnelly, T. C. Harman, and A. G. Foyt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 259 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653655 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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n‐p junction photovoltaic detectors in PbTe have been fabricated using proton bombardment to create the n‐type layer. At 77°K, zero‐bias resistance area products of 300 Ω cm2 were observed for diodes with dimensions as large as 15 mil square. Peak detectivities at 5 μm in reduced background as high as 3.3×1011 cm Hz1∕2∕W were observed. Diode quantum efficiencies were typically greater than 30% at 5 μm.
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ERRATUM: HIGH‐PRESSURE LASER ACTION IN 13 GASES WITH TRANSVERSE EXCITATION

O. R. Wood, E. G. Burkhardt, M. A. Pollack, and T. J. Bridges

Appl. Phys. Lett. 18, 261 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653656 (4 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Laser action has been achieved in 13 gases at high pressures using pulsed transverse excitation. A total of 149 wavelengths from 0.8 to 28μ was observed. Pulse lengths were found to lie in the range 0.2–5μsec. Several gases operate at atmospheric pressure and above and promise to give very high power outputs.
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