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15 Sep 1971

Volume 19, Issue 6, pp. 167-209


Transient Effects in the Mode Locking of Nd3+‐Glass Lasers

Charles C. Wang and L.I. Davis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 167 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653869 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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It is proposed that limitations in the pulse width obtainable from ``mode‐locked'' Nd3+‐glass lasers result from the generation of only a limited number of side bands for each of the lasing frequencies. Experimental results in support of this model are discussed.

Surface Lasers

F. Varsanyi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 169 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653870 (3 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Room‐temperature visible laser action is reported in PrCl3 and PrBr3. Optical pumping directly into the upper laser level is accomplished by a wavelength‐tunable dye laser. Threshold is less than 1 μJ. Superradiant laser action within physical dimensions of a few microns is generated by focusing the excitation light on the cleaved crystal surface. Use as an active element in integrated optics networks is indicated with over 106 individual lasers per square inch.

Megawatt Tunable Second Harmonic and Sum Frequency Generation at 280 nm from a Dye Laser

D.J. Bradley, J.V. Nicholas, and J.R.D. Shaw

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 172 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653871 (2 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The second harmonic frequency of a high‐power interferometrically narrowed and tuned rhodamine 6G dye laser has been generated in an ADP crystal with 10% efficiency. Twenty‐millijoule‐megawatt pulses, continuously wavelength tunable from 280 to 290 nm, have been obtained with a bandwidth of 0.2 nm. Ultraviolet sum frequencies have also been generated with similar efficiency.

Low‐Temperature Proton Radiation Damage and Recovery in Discontinuous Ta Films

W.R. Hardy, P.P. Pronko, and J. Shewchun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 174 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653872 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Tantalum films reactively sputtered in oxygen and nitrogen simultaneously have been irradiated by 150‐keV protons at 30°K. The observed conductance increase of these discontinuous films is ascribed to radiation‐produced defect levels within the interisland oxide regions. The nonlinearity of the conductance increase with fluence may be accounted for by a combination of close‐pair thermal annealing and spontaneous recombination. Isochronal annealing experiments demonstrate that recovery occurs in two main stages. The first stage (34–120°K) is attributed to close‐pair or correlated recombination, and the second stage (200–300°K) is attributed to uncorrelated migration of defects to the gap‐island interface.

Pressure‐Dependent Absorption in BCl3 at 10.6 μ

Pierre Lavigne and J.L. Lachambre

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 176 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653873 (4 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The absorption of 26 lines of a CO2 laser by BCl3 has been measured over a wide range of pressures. At low pressures, saturation effects occurred for powers as low as 200 mW cm−2. Above 1 Torr, the absorption coefficient is found to increase linearly with pressure. A theoretical model, taking the effects of saturation and line overlapping into account, has been formulated to interpret these results.

Nuclear Spin‐Lattice Relaxation in a Liquid Crystal Ordered in ac Electric Fields

C.E. Tarr, A.M. Fuller, and M.A. Nickerson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 179 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653874 (4 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The proton spin‐lattice relaxation time T1 of p‐methoxybenzilidene‐p‐n‐butylaniline ordered in ac electric fields is reported. The second moment of the resonance line shape was used to determine the degree of alignment and orientation of the molecular axes with respect to the magnetic field. Evidence is shown for contributions to the relaxation processes from electric‐field‐induced turbulence.

Experimental Evidence for Elliptic Particle Motion Accompanied by Elastic Surface Waves

Koji Kajimura, Ritsuo Inaba, and Nobuo Mikoshiba

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 182 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653875 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Experimental evidence is given for the elliptic backward rotation of particles at the surface of a y‐cut quartz on which elastic surface waves propagate along the x axis. The path of the particle motion is determined by the analysis of the electromotive force induced in a metal‐strip detector in a static magnetic field. The experimental result on the ratio of the major and minor axes of the ellipse is in good agreement with a numerical calculation. The direct measurement of the particle displacement enables one to estimate the power of surface waves. The experiment suggests a possible application of elastic surface waves to a phase shifter in the range of VHF and UHF.

The Effect of Nitrogen Doping on GaAs1−xPx Electroluminescent Diodes

W.O. Groves, A.H. Herzog, and M.G. Craford

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 184 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653876 (3 pages) | Cited 58 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The efficiency of GaAs1−xPx diodes for x>0.45 has been found to be greatly enhanced by the addition of nitrogen doping. The diodes were fabricated by means of Zn diffusion into vapor‐grown GaAs1−xPx doped with N and Te. The effects of nitrogen doping on diode efficiency, emission spectra, and brightness as a function of alloy composition are discussed.

Thin‐Film Optical‐Waveguide Mode Converters Using Gyrotropic and Anisotropic Substrates

Shyh Wang, John D. Crow, and Manhar Shah

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 187 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653877 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Here we report a computer study of mode conversion in thin‐film optical waveguides using gyrotropic YIG or anisotropic LiNbO3 as the substrate material. The computational results confirm that complete mode conversion from TE to TM or vice versa can be achieved if the mode converter is operated degenerately for both the TE and TM modes. Further, the length of the optical waveguide and the tolerances on the incident angle and film thickness indicate that the device is feasible.

A Variable Gain Laser Amplifier at 3.39 μ

F.T. Stone and J.M. Bresman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 190 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653878 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A variable gain laser amplifier has been tested that appears capable of operating over a wide range of gain values. The gain is controlled by placing the amplifier in a Fabry‐Perot cavity and allowing it to oscillate. Small changes in amplifier cavity length produce large variations in the amplifier gain. Measured gain variations of 20 : 1 have been observed.

Origin of Acoustoelectric Flux Domains in Conducting CdS

A. Many and U. Gelbart

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 192 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653879 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Brillouin‐scattering measurements show that in homogeneous CdS samples, propagating flux domains originate solely from the shock produced at the cathode boundary by the pulse onset. If the shock is properly suppressed, no domains are formed, the spatial and frequency distribution of the flux being then in complete accord with the predictions of the small‐signal theory based on amplication of the rmal background noise. The enhanced parametric downconversion observed within the domain is mainly attributed to low‐frequency shock‐excited flux which acts in this case as the stimulating signal.

Linewidth of the Radiation Emitted by a Josephson Point Contact

G. Vernet and R. Adde

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 195 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653880 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The emission linewidth of a Nb☒Nb Josephson point contact is measured vs dc current and compared with the theoretical predictions of Stephen and Scalapino. The good agreement between experimental results and theory even for high junction currents, the pair current being generally much larger than the quasiparticle current, indicates that Stephen's theory gives a fair picture of the pair‐current noise properties in point‐contact junctions.

Quenching of Radiation from Ionized Gases by Infrared Photons

J. P. Kaplafka, H. Merkelo, and L. Goldstein

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 197 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653881 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Visible afterglow radiations from low‐pressure weakly ionized inert gases are partially quenched during irradiation of the gases by the infrared produced with CO2 lasers (photon energies ∼ 0.1 eV). The most plausible interpretation of the effect appears to involve photoionization or photoexcitation of neutral atoms in excited states populated during the process of recombination.

Comparative Study of Plasma Anodization of Silicon in a Column of a dc Glow Discharge

M. A. Copeland and R. Pappu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 199 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653882 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A comparative study of plasma anodization of silicon in the column of a dc oxygen glow discharge is presented. Quantitative results for growth rates of silicon dioxide in the negative glow, Faraday dark space, positive column, and the anode fall are given. It is observed that the growth rate is higher in the positive column than the other regions of the discharge.

Low‐Carrier‐Concentration Liquid Epitaxial Pb1−x Snx Te

J. T. Longo, E. R. Gertner, and A. S. Joseph

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 202 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653883 (2 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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We have achieved multiple‐layer liquid epitaxial growth of Pb1−xSnx Te from Pb☒Sn solution. Hall‐effect and capacitance measurements determine carrier concentrations to be as low as 3 × 1015 cm−3 at 77 °K. Interference microscopy reveals that deviations from planarity of the grown surface are less than 1 μm over an area of 1 mm2.

Measurements of the Field Effect in Amorphous Switching Materials

R. F. Egerton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 203 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653884 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Conductivity modulation was observed in thin films of chalcogenide glass by applying an electric field through the (mica or plastic) substrate. At room temperature, the surface potential could be varied through ± 3kT, the surface being always p type, in agreement with the Seebeck coefficient. Comparison of the field‐effect curves with equilibrium space‐charge theory suggests a bulk density of localized states in the range from 1019 to 2 × 1020 cm−3 eV−1 within ± 0.1 eV of the Fermi level.

Hologram Storage in Arsenic Trisulfide Thin Films

S. A. Keneman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 205 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653885 (3 pages) | Cited 74 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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This letter reports preliminary results of experiments involving the storage of high‐efficiency holograms in evaporated thin films of arsenic trisulfide (As2S3). Both simple gratings and holograms of complex data masks have been recorded in the films by direct exposure with no subsequent processing. Diffraction efficiencies of up to 80% have been measured for two‐beam gratings. Several possible mechanisms are suggested to explain the observed results.

Production of Vacancies by Laser Bombardment

S. A. Metz and F. A. Smidt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 207 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653886 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Vacancy concentrations estimated to be as large as 1 at. % have been induced in pure nickel and vanadium foils by bombardment with high‐intensity laser pulses. Annealing bombarded foils at temperatures greater than 0. 3Tm (absolute melting point) allows vacancies to form into aggregates. Examples are shown of voids in nickel and faulted loops in vanadium. Possible mechanisms of vacancy generation are discussed.
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Erratum: Spectral Narrowing of Dye Laser Output by Injection of Monochromatic Radiation into the Laser Cavity

L. E. Erickson and A. Szabo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 209 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653887 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Erratum: A Far‐Infrared Coupled‐Cavity Interferometer

R. W. Peterson and F. C. Jahoda

Appl. Phys. Lett. 19, 209 (1971); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653888 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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