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1 Jun 1972

Volume 20, Issue 11, pp. 411-466


Surface Characterization of Stainless Steel Using Proton‐Induced X Rays

R. G. Musket and W. Bauer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 411 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653995 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Proton‐induced characteristic X rays (1–10 keV) have been used to study, in situ, the alloy composition of 304L stainless steel surfaces as a function of the vacuum annealing temperature. Effects of 15‐min isochronal vacuum anneals between 700 and 1450°K were determined by probing to depths of about 1 μm with 150‐ to 400‐keV protons. In particular, chromium depletion was significant above 1200°K. For 200‐keV protons, the Cr(Kα)∕Fe(Kα) ratio decreased from about 0. 8 for 700–1200°K to 0. 19 at 1450°K; this corresponds to a decrease in the chromium content from 19 to about 6 wt%.

Two‐Phase Stepped Oxide CCD Shift Register Using Undercut Isolation

C. N. Berglund, R. J. Powell, E. H. Nicollian, and J. T. Clemens

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 413 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653996 (2 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A novel technique for fabricating charge‐coupled devices (CCD) is described. Effectively zero lateral spacing between adjacent capacitor plates of the CCD is achieved by taking advantage of the SiO2 undercutting which occurs during etching of the SiO2☒Al2O3 double insulator system.

Electrohydrodynamic Solutions for Nematic Liquid Crystals

P. Andrew Penz and G. W. Ford

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 415 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653997 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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We have solved the boundary value problem associated with the Williams domain mode and the variable grating mode in nematic liquid crystals. Using linearized electrohydrodynamic equations of motion, standard constitutive relations, and experimentally observed material constants, we reproduce the significant experimental observations.

Surface Impedance of Thin Metal Films under Anomalous Skin Effect Conditions

A. F. Mayadas, G. R. Henry, and M. Shatzkes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 417 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653998 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Exact numerical solutions for the surface impedance and electric field of metal films under anomalous skin effect conditions are presented and discussed. It is shown that under certain conditions the film impedance is significantly lower than the bulk impedance.

Vortex‐Confined Pumping Discharge in Dye Laser Solution

C. M. Ferrar

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 419 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1653999 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Centrifugally formed vortex channels in dye laser solutiosn can provide damage‐resistant confinement of intense capillary arc discharges and allow efficient coupling of arc radiation into the dye.

Position of the Band Edges of Silicon under Uniaxial Stress

P. Kramer and L. J. van Ruyven

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 420 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654000 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Schottky barrier heights of metal‐silicon contacts have been measured as a function of temperature at high uniaxial 〈111〉 stress (100 kbar). The change in band gap, as compared to the zero‐pressure band gap, can be attributed to a change in position of the conduction band edge alone, i.e., a change in electron affinity.

Spatial and Temporal Dependence of the Gain of a Transversely Excited Pulsed CO2 Laser

Thomas F. Deutsch and R. I. Rudko

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 423 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654001 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The gain of a transversely excited pulsed CO2 laser with distributed electrodes has been examined with and without the addition of hydrogen. Spatially, the gain shows a sharp peak a few millimeters from the cathode, followed by a region of relatively uniform gain. The gain of the latter region increases from 13 to 18 dB∕m upon the addition of hydrogen. The gain‐vs‐time curves show peaks which propagate from cathode to anode at velocities ranging from 600 to 1200 m∕sec.

Evidence for the Heating of a High‐Density θ Pinch When Transversely Irradiated by a Pulsed CO2 Laser Beam

A. G. Engelhardt, V. Fuchs, C. R. Neufeld, C. Richard, and R. Décoste

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 425 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654002 (4 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A high‐density θ pinch has been irradiated by the 0.2‐J 180‐nsec pulse of a CO2 laser. Fast photography and spectroscopy monitor the plasma behavior, temperature, and density and permit a comparison with theory.

Anisotropic Ultrahigh Gain Emission Observed in Rotational Transitions in Optically Pumped HF Gas

N. Skribanowitz, I. P. Herman, R. M. Osgood, M. S. Feld, and A. Javan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 428 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654003 (4 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Gain and laser oscillations are obtained on rotational transitions of the first excited vibrational state of HF gas at room temperature, resonantly pumped by the 2.7‐μ lines of a pulsed HF laser. Pumping the P‐branch transitions connecting the ground and first excited vibrational states produces gain at the coupled rotational transitions at 36, 42, 51, 63, 84, and 126 μ. The gain exhibits directional properties characteristic of a unidirectional amplifier predicted by a recent theory. The incremental gains of these lines are very large, in excess of 1∕cm, and the lines oscillate easily without mirrors (``superradiance'').

Orange Laser Emission and Bright Electroluminescence from In1−xGaxP Vapor‐Grown p‐n Junctions

C. J. Nuese, A. G. Sigai, and J. J. Gannon

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 431 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654004 (4 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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In1−xGaxP laser diodes which emit coherently at 80 °K at wavelengths as short as 6105 Å with threshold current densities of 4000–6000 A∕cm2 have been fabricated from vapor‐grown In1−xGaxP p‐n junction structures. This is the shortest‐wavelength laser emission and the first example of coherent orange emission yet reported from a semiconductor p‐n junction. From vapor‐grown In1−xGaxP spontaneous‐light‐emitting diodes, external quantum efficiencies in excess of 0.1% have been obtained for orange and red emission at room temperature.

Effect of Oxygen on the Electromigration Behavior of Al Thin Films

L. Berenbaum

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 434 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654005 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Aluminum thin films were electrically stressed in a high‐vacuum furnace and the damage resulting from the electromigration of aluminum ions was monitored by the change in stripe resistance. When high‐purity oxygen was periodically bled into the furnace, R ranged between a constant value and zero, depending on the magnitude of ΔR. The proposed model suggests the stabilization of microscopic voids by the formation of a thin oxide film on the void surface.

Sealed Room‐Temperature CO☒CO2 Laser Operating at 5 or 10 μ

H. J. Seguin, J. Tulip, and B. White

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 436 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654006 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A gas laser which oscillates on either the 5‐μ CO or the 10‐μ CO2 lines has been developed. The laser is sealed off, operates at room temperature, and has given over 4‐W total power, alternatively at 5 and 10 μ. Preliminary results indicate that performance characteristics and lifetimes comparable with conventional CO2 lasers should be achievable.

Thermally Induced Negative Resistance in Si‐Doped YIG

Theodore Kaplan, D. C. Bullock, David Adler, and D. J. Epstein

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 439 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654007 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A thermal model is presented to explain the recently observed current‐controlled negative resistance in single crystals of Si‐doped YIG. Steady‐state I‐V characteristics are calculated from electrical and thermal conductivity data and are compared with the observed curve. The agreement between theory and experiment is excellent.

Domains in SmCo5 at Low Temperatures

F. F. Westendorp

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 441 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654008 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Domain spacing in SmCo5 is observed to increase by a factor of 1.5 at 78 K as compared with the spacing at room temperature. This indicates a difference in domain wall energy, which may explain the experimentally found difference in coercive force.

Superconducting Properties of Multifilamentary Nb3Sn Made by a New Process

M. Suenaga and W. B. Sampson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 443 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654009 (3 pages) | Cited 34 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A new processing method for producing multifilamentary A‐15 superconducting composite wires in a ductile matrix is described. Nb3Sn made in this way was found to have a critical temperature of 17.5 K and a critical current density of 7.5×105 A∕cm2 at 40 kG when suitably heat treated. The composite conductor could be bent with a radius of 2 cm or greater without appreciable degradation of its current‐carrying capacity.

Space‐Charge Dependence of the Barrier Height on Insulator Thickness in Al‐(Al‐Oxide)‐Al Sandwiches

K. H. Gundlach and J. Kadlec

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 445 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654010 (2 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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It is observed that the barrier height in Al‐(Al‐oxide)‐Al sandwiches is a strong function of the Al‐oxide thickness; it is also a strong function of the illumination, particularly at low temperatures. These results offer conclusive evidence that the effect is due to space charge trapped in the Al‐oxide.

Magnetic Properties of Cobalt‐Samarium with a 24‐MG Oe Energy Product

S. Foner, E. J. McNiff, D. L. Martin, and M. G. Benz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 447 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654011 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The magnetic moment and hysteresis properties of a high‐density nearly completely oriented Co5Sm magnet alloy have been measured from 300 to 4.2 K and in applied fields up to 140 kOe. A saturation moment per gram of 98 G cm3∕g is measured at 300 K and shows a slight increase as temperature is decreased. After adjustment for voids and oxide, the saturation moment per gram of the Co☒Sm alloy is 102 G cm3∕g, or equivalent to 11 000 G for the saturation magnetization 4πJs. An energy product of approximately 24 MG Oe is attained at 300 K.

Neutralization of Na+ Ions in ``HCl‐Grown'' SiO2

R. J. Kriegler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 449 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654012 (3 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Current‐voltage measurements and radiotracer experiments have been carried out to examine the nature of the passivation mechanism responsible for the reduction of sodium ion instabilities in MOS structures prepared from oxides grown in the presence of HCl. It has been found that the ions in the passivated oxides can still migrate to the vicinity of the silicon interface, but have no effect on the surface potential because they become neutralized, probably in the interaction with a chlorine‐associated species. The exact identity of this species and the details of the charge transfer to the Si electrode remain unresolved.

Thermomagnetic Recording in Thin Garnet Layers

J.‐P. Krumme, J. Verweel, J. Haberkamp, W. Tolksdorf, G. Bartels, and G. P. Espinosa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 451 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654013 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Thermomagnetic flux reversal has been studied in single‐crystal layers of Y3Ga1.1Fe3.9O12 with 5‐μm thickness, prepared by liquid‐phase epitaxy (LPE) on a (111) Gd3Ga5O12 wafer. By structuring the layers in a checkerboard pattern of squares with 10‐μm periodicity and 2‐μm width and depth of the surface grooves, arbitrary stable domain patterns have been obtained. Individual squares have been switched magnetically using heat pulses from a laser beam of 20‐mW intensity at 5145‐Å wavelength with fields as low as 13 Oe in case of a nearly demagnetized domain distribution. The beam energy for reversing the magnetization of a square is below 1 erg.

Variable Ultrafast Photographic Shutter

G. Mourou, B. Drouin, and M. M. Denariez‐Roberge

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 453 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654014 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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We propose an ultrafast shutter, based on the saturable properties of polymethine cyanide dyes, with a variable shutter speed of 10–40 psec and more. With this, one can measure the pulse duration of the mode‐locked ruby laser pulse. We can also deduce the fluorescence decay time of these solutions employed.

Proton‐ and Electron‐Excited Auger Electron Spectra of Molybdenum Surfaces

R. G. Musket and W. Bauer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 455 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654015 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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Proton‐ and electron‐excited Auger electron spectra of molybdenum surfaces have been measured. From the conditions of the experiments, the yields (i.e., Auger electrons∕incident particle) for the two cases were comparable. The value of proton‐excited Auger electron spectra is discussed with regard to quantitative surface‐composition determinations.

Three‐Josephson‐Junction Interferometer

D. L. Stuehm and C. W. Wilmsen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 456 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654016 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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The three‐Josephson‐junction asymmetric‐feed quantum interferometer has been analyzed and shown to have increased magnetic field sensitivity and amplitude deviation over the two‐junction interferometer. The critical current at zero applied field is shown to be less than the critical current at zero flux in the interference loop.

Capacitive Weak Links and Finite Load Lines

James A. Blackburn and J. Warman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 459 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654017 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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A transformation is described which connects the already solved problem of a capacitive superconducting weak link driven by a constant‐current source to the physically more realistic situation of a source with finite load line. Hysteresis is found to persist although the loop may be quite narrow. It is shown that the minimum‐current dependence on the Josephson tunneling amplitude can distinguish between capacitive and inductive devices.

TEA Laser Medium Diagnostics

R. W. O'Neil, R. J. Carbone, H. Granek, and H. Kleiman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 461 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654018 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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From an interferometric study of the medium in a 10.6‐μ transverse electric discharge pulsed laser amplifier, a time history of the index of refraction is presented from t=0 to t=21.5 μsec. These data agree favorably with the predictions based on a linearized hydrodynamic model for pulsed heat deposition in a gas by a row of discrete discharge pins. The spatial extent of the gain profile is comparable to the refractive‐index distribution for times appropriate for lasing (<10 μsec). In this time interval, medium distortion is less than 0.1 fringe at 10.6 μ.

Optically Pumped Molecular Iodine Vapor‐Phase Laser

R. L. Byer, R. L. Herbst, H. Kildal, and M. D. Levenson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 20, 463 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654019 (4 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 22 October 2003

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We have observed stimulated emission in optically pumped molecular iodine vapor. Laser action occurs in more than 150 individual lines which span the spectral region from 544 to 1.335 nm for excitation by the 530‐nm second‐harmonic wavelength of a Q‐switched Nd:YAG laser. The iodine laser oscillates for input pulse energies of a few microjoules. Approximately 106 individual laser transitions may be excited by various pump frequencies.
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