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1 Jul 1972

Volume 21, Issue 1, pp. 1-44


Photoconductivity of CdS crystals irradiated with fast electrons

Toshio Yoshida, Takashi Oka, and Michiharu Kitagawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 1 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654193 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The effects of 10‐MeV electron irradiation on the photoconductivity of CdS single crystals were studied. Irradiation causes the appearance or increase of photoconductivity in the wavelength ranges from 0.8 to 3 μ (the 1‐μ band), from 0.55 to 0.8 μ, and from 0.46 to 0.5 μ (the exciton band). The 1‐μ band is attributed to radiation‐produced defects located at levels from 0.4 to 1.6 eV below the bottom of the conduction band. The excitonic band results from dissociation of excitons at some kinds of radiation‐produced defects.

On the nature of the kink in the carrier profile for phosphorus‐diffused layers in silicon

F.N. Schwettmann and D.L. Kendall

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 2 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654200 (3 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The mechanism of formation of the kink in the impurity profile of phosphorus‐diffused layers in silicon is shown to be related to the ``tail'' that is formed during low‐temperature heat treatments. The concentration at which the tail is formed is a function of temperature with an activation energy of 0.79 eV. The enhanced diffusion which gives rise to the tail depends on processes occurring in the high‐concentration region. A complex model is required to explain all of these results.

Injection luminescence and laser action in epitaxial PbTe diodes

H. Holloway, W.H. Weber, E.M. Logothetis, A.J. Varga, and K.F. Yeung

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 5 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654213 (2 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Thin‐film diode lasers have been made from Schottky barriers on epitaxial PbTe. At 77 °K the spontaneous emission spectrum agrees with that calculated for direct band‐to‐band transitions. At 12 °K laser action is observed in the pulsed mode with an average current density, at threshold, of (2–3) × 102 A cm−2. This is the first observation of diode laser action from evaporated thin films of any semiconductor.

Measurement of magnetic bubble mobility in epitaxial garnet films

G.P. Vella‐Coleiro and W.J. Tabor

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 7 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654214 (2 pages) | Cited 66 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A technique for measuring the velocity of a circular magnetic domain in a magnetic field gradient is described. The method has been applied to epitaxial garnet films, and results are presented for a film of nominal composition Eu1Er2Ga0.7Fe4.3O12. The technique is compared with other methods of measuring domain wall mobility.

Large quiescent collisionless high‐frequency discharge plasma

Earl R. Ault and K.R. MacKenzie

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 9 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654215 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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200 V p‐p (peak to peak) at 80 MHz applied to a plane sheet electrode of 0.0075‐cm‐diam parallel wires produces a reasonably uniform large‐volume collisionless plasma in zero magnetic field with a density of ∼ 109 ions∕cm3 in argon at 3 × 10−4 Torr. The noise fluctuation level 〈δn/n〉 ≃ 2×10−4.

Generation of a surface‐acoustic‐wave correlation echo from coupling to charge carriers

R.L. Gunshor and C.W. Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 11 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654194 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A forward‐propagating surface‐acoustic‐wave signal interacts with a pump field applied to a nearby semiconductor. The result is the generation of a backward‐propagating ``echo'' whose envelope is the correlation of the signal and the pump. The echo is 25 dB down from signal for the pump power used.

Alpha‐ and proton‐induced x‐ray deexcitation of titanium

Patrick Richard, Mike Senglaub, Brant Johnson, and C. Fred Moore

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 13 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654195 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Measurements of Kα and Kβ x rays induced by proton and α‐particle beams from an electrostatic accelerator show a divergence from the normal x‐ray spectra as the nuclear charge increases. These measurements are consistent with the explanation that the ion excitation produces multiple inner‐shell electron vacancies, which in turn cause electronic‐shell energy shifts. The intensity of these shifted lines is a measure of the amount of multiple inner‐shell ionization.

Isotope separation rate in Haeffner effect

Om P. Sinha

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 14 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654196 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A simple theory is presented for Haeffner effect based on the ideas of Fiks. An exact formula derived for the isotope separation rate appears to be in good agreement with the experimental data on several systems.

Boron atom distributions in ion‐implanted silicon by the (n,4He) nuclear reaction

J.F. Ziegler, B.L. Crowder, G.W. Cole, J.E.E. Baglin, and B.J. Masters

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 16 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654197 (2 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The concentration distribution of 10B atoms ion‐implanted into silicon has been determined with a new nuclear reaction technique, The concentration profiles for implantations in the energy range 40–500 keV were determined before and after annealing at 900 °C for 30 min and show that enhanced diffusion, because of radiation damage, is of minor importance. The profile ranges and widths have been compared to LSS theory and to other experiments.

Excitation of a long‐pulse CO2 laser with a short‐pulse longitudinal electron beam

S. Marcus

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 18 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654198 (2 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A 3‐nsec pulse of 600‐keV electrons has been used to ionize a CO2☒N2☒He medium from which laser pulses lasting up to 120 μsec have been obtained. The electron beam is nearly collinear with the laser axis and normal to the sustainer field. Pulse energies of 11.5 J have been obtained from the 75‐cm‐long device.

Optically pumped atmospheric‐pressure CO2 laser

T.Y. Chang and O.R. Wood

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 19 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654199 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Laser action at 10.6 μm has been obtained in pure CO2 gas at pressures up to 1 atm by optically pumping with the 4.23μm line of a TEA HBr laser. The potential usefulness of this method for pumping very high density CO2 is discussed.

Picosecond holography

M.E. Fourney and D.B. Barker

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 21 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654201 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A simple off‐axis hologram has been recorded on thin bismuth film using a train of picosecond pulses from a mode‐locked Nd: glass laser. Due to the ultrashort pulse duration and temporal coherence length of the laser, a time‐of‐arrival principle is utilized to show the correspondence of a point on the hologram to some specific region of the object.

Rapid cooling by laser melt quenching

W.A. Elliott, F.P. Gagliano, and G. Krauss

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 23 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654202 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Laser melt quenching has been used to obtain high cooling rates comparable to those obtained by ``splat cooling'' techniques. By measurements of dendrite spacing, the average cooling rate in a laser‐melted aluminum alloy was determined to be 3.7×106°C∕sec. Laser melt quenching applied to a Ag☒Cu alloy suppressed the two‐phase equilibrium eutectic structure and resulted in the formation of a single‐phase solid solution.

rf augmentation in CO2 closed‐cycle dc electric‐discharge convection lasers

Alan C. Eckbreth and Jack W. Davis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 25 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654203 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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dc electrical power deposition in CO2 closed‐cycle electric‐discharge convection lasers (EDCL) can be increased to levels characteristic of open‐cycle performance by the application of rf (13.7‐MHz) auxiliary power. Experiments have been conducted with the radio frequency capacitively coupled into the discharge zone transverse to the dc field through the top and bottom walls of a rectangular laser channel. The effect of rf power on the dc power level and on the small‐signal gain coefficient is described.

High‐speed photography of laser‐induced breakdown in liquids

W. Lauterborn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 27 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654204 (3 pages) | Cited 47 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A giant pulse of a ruby laser is focused into water, silicone oils, and some other liquids. High‐speed photography of the focal region with picture repetition rates up to 850 000 pps shows the dynamics of the produced bubbles. These are extremely well suited to study cavitation bubble dynamics. Spherical almost empty bubbles can be produced in water, realizing the Rayleigh bubble model. The shock wave produced by the laser‐induced breakdown is made visible by small bubbles suspended in the vicinity. From the radial motion of these bubbles, conclusions can be drawn on the strength of the shock wave.

X‐ray diffraction study of single crystals undergoing shock‐wave compression

Quintin Johnson, Arthur C. Mitchell, and L. Evans

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 29 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654205 (2 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Single crystals of LiF, Al, and graphite have been studied by x‐ray diffraction while undergoing shock‐wave compression to about 300 kbar. These studies show that single crystals can transform to the hydrostatically compressed state essentially as single crystals, and crystal orientation is preserved.

Time‐resolved differential holographic microscopy

H.M. Presby

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 31 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654206 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The methods of holographic interferometry have been applied to the study of dynamic phenomena on a microscopic scale. The developed system has a spatial resolution in the 10‐μ range and a temporal resolution in the submicrosecond regime.

Spectral analysis of backscattered light from laser‐produced plasma: reexamined

P. Belland, C. DeMichelis, M. Mattioli, and R. Papoular

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 32 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654207 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Previous measurements on the backscattered light from a laser‐produced plasma, showing a line structure, have been incorrectly interpreted. New experiments reveal a shift of the backscattered light together with considerable broadening.

Acousto‐optical effect in photochromics and its applications

Keigo Iizuka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 33 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654208 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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It was found that the color fading rate of a photochromic film is accelerated when it is exposed to an acoustic field. The investigation of the effect was made with acoustic waves both in water and in air. This newly found effect was utilized as a novel means of mapping an acoustic field. It was shown that the effect can be used to map not only acoustic waves in a liquid, but also acoustic waves generated on the surface of an ADP (ammonium dihydrogen phosphate) crystal. In addition, an acoustic hologram of a small object in water was recorded using this effect.

Damping of domain wall motion in rare‐earth iron garnets

G.P. Vella‐Coleiro, D.H. Smith, and L.G. Van Uitert

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 36 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654209 (2 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Landau‐Lifshitz damping parameters deduced from domain wall mobility measurements are reported for a number of rare‐earth iron garnets. These damping parameters are compared with the ones obtained from ferrimagnetic resonance experiments.

Backscattering investigation of low‐temperature migration of chromium through gold films

J.K. Hirvonen, W.H. Weisenberger, J.E. Westmoreland, and R.A. Meussner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 37 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654210 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Backscattering of 3.0‐MeV 4He ions has been used to investigate the low‐temperature migration of Cr into and through thin Au films (1000 and 2000 Å) deposited by evaporation and sputtering. Significant Cr migration is seen at annealing temperatures of 250 and 450 °C for periods of 0.5–22 h, whereas no migration of Cr in the Au was detected in any of the as‐deposited samples or after a 150 °C 0.5‐h anneal.

Laser‐induced damage in transparent dielectrics: ion beam polishing as a means of increasing surface damage thresholds

Concetto R. Giuliano

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 39 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654211 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Polishing of sapphire surfaces with energetic Ar+ ion beams is shown to result in a substantial increase in laser damage threshold over that for conventionally polished surfaces. Data for both entrance and exit damage are presented. The results are interpreted in terms of an increase in surface strength with ion beam polishing.

Observation of laser oscillation in pure rotational transitions of OH and OD free radicals

T.W. Ducas, L.D. Geoffrion, R.M. Osgood, and A. Javan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 42 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654212 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The first observation is reported of laser oscillation in pure rotational transitions of the OH and OD free radicals. 44 lines in OH and 17 lines in OD have been seen in the 12‐ to 20‐μ region. Transitions were observed within the v=0, 1, 2 vibrational levels of OH and the v=0 vibrational level of OD. Accurate values are calculated for the B and D rotational constants for OD and higher‐order rotational constants for OH.
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