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Volume 21

Issue 12 | 15 Dec | pp. 565-603

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Select this Article		Parametric study of the optical storage effect in mixed liquid‐crystal systems J.P. Hulin Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 455 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654216 (3 pages) \| Cited 15 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The lifetime τ of the storage effect in mixtures of cholesteric and nematic liquid crystals is found to depend exponentially on the L∕P (thickness∕pitch) ratio. τ can be changed from 1 min to several days by varying L∕P from 2 to 15.

Select this Article		Performance characteristics of a helical TEA CO₂ laser D.T. Rampton and O.P. Gandhi Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 457 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654217 (4 pages) \| Cited 6 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Cavity misalignment of a helical TEA CO₂ laser, due to thermal bending of the beam, as well as thermal focusing effects has been observed. The spectral distribution of the energy is found to be invariant with gas mixtures, and the optimum N₂ : CO₂ ratio for peak power output is shown to be 1 : 1, with the addition of He being of no apparent value.

Select this Article		Magnetically controlled negative resistance and coherent oscillations in InSb Katutoshi Kamakura and Tukasa Shimizu Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 460 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654218 (3 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Current‐controlled negative resistance is observed in n‐InSb in the impact‐ionization region under nearly parallel electric and magnetic fields at 77 K. Furthermore, coherent low‐frequency oscillations associated with negative resistance are observed by means of an external resonance circuit. Frequencies of coherent oscillations (5–22 MHz) depend strongly on the external circuit but are independent of the magnetic field intensity.

Select this Article		Infrared‐microwave double resonance of NH₃ in the presence of a high‐field Stark effect M. Fourrier and M. Redon Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 463 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654219 (2 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Exact coincidences between infrared vibration‐rotation transitions of NH₃ and CO₂ or N₂O laser lines have been obtained using high‐field Stark effect. Different schemes of pumping have been used, giving either increase or decrease of microwave absorption.

Select this Article		Laser‐induced stress‐wave and impulse augmentation J.D. O'Keefe and C.H. Skeen Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 464 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654220 (3 pages) \| Cited 27 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A series of experiments were performed on aluminum targets in order to find simple methods of increasing the stress and impulse using a laser. It was found by coating the aluminum targets with thin layers of transparent relatively volatile materials that order‐of‐magnitude increases were obtained over irradiating bare targets. Stress‐wave amplitudes of 7.9 kbar were measured.

BROWSE VOLUMES

15 Nov 1972

Volume 21, Issue 10, pp. 455-520

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Select this Article		Laser oscillation and anisotropic gain in the 1 → 0 vibrational band of optically pumped HF gas N. Skribanowitz, I.P. Herman, and M.S. Feld Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 466 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654221 (5 pages) \| Cited 12 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract P‐branch laser oscillations have been observed in the v = 1 → v = 0 band of HF gas, optically pumped by R‐branch lines of a pulsed HF laser. The observed gains are large (> 10% cm⁻¹) and the conversion efficiencies are high. In a ring cavity the system shows directional gain anisotropy characteristic of unidirectional laser amplifiers proposed recently.

Select this Article		Mode‐locked high‐pressure waveguide CO₂ laser P.W. Smith, T.J. Bridges, E.G. Burkhardt, and O.R. Wood Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 470 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654222 (3 pages) \| Cited 13 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Active mode locking of a high‐pressure cw waveguide CO₂ laser is reported. Pulse widths as short as 3 nsec are obtained. The results are shown to be in good agreement with existing theory.

Select this Article		Analysis of rf‐sputtering glow discharge by spectroscopic method H. Ratinen Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 473 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654223 (4 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The use of a spectroscopic method for analysing an rf‐sputtering glow discharge is described. Both pure CaO disks and ones doped with Sm and Tm were used as targets, and the purpose of the sputtering was to prepare luminescence films. The sputtering was carried out in atmospheres of Ar, O₂, N₂, and Ne. The intensity of the strongest peak of calcium was measured in these discharges as a function of the distance from the target and of the rf voltage used. It was observed that impurities, in this case H and N₂, were revealed, and a regular calcium flux from the target to the substrate could be well controlled by this method.

Select this Article		Theory of interference patterns in orthoferrites S. Dmitrevsky and R.J. Desrosiers Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 476 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654224 (2 pages) Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A stripe pattern observed in orthoferrites illuminated at oblique incidence, previously explained using a ``virtual grating'' effect is reinterpreted as an interference pattern of two waves created at the domain boundary. The theory is extended to include the decrease in stripe spacing as the wall orientation is changed.

Select this Article		Laser dynamics and wavelength tuning in electron‐beam‐pumped GaAs B.S. Kawasaki, B.K. Garside, and J. Shewchun Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 477 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654225 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A novel source of time‐varying losses in electron‐beam‐pumped GaAs lasers is described. Over the range of electron‐beam voltages typically employed in such lasers, this loss initially greatly exceeds that due to reflectivity losses at the cavity end faces. This loss is predicted to fall off rather dramatically as a function of time after the start of the pumping pulse. Such a dynamic loss has a number of consequences. In particular, it leads to a source of faster‐than‐band‐gap wavelength tuning of the laser emission through an effect somewhat akin to the inverse of a dynamic Burstein shift.

Select this Article		Closed‐cycle performance of a high‐power electric‐discharge laser Clyde O. Brown and Jack W. Davis Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 480 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654226 (2 pages) \| Cited 24 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The performance characteristics of a large‐volume CO₂ electric‐discharge convection laser operating in a closed‐cycle mode are described. The use of a combined dc and rf excitation field and aerodynamic stabilization techniques resulted in the attainment of a stable and homogeneous discharge. Operating in a master oscillator‐power amplifier mode, continuous‐output power levels greater than 20 kW have been achieved for extended periods of time, with a maximum optical power of 27.2 kW at an efficiency of 17.2%.

Select this Article		Electric‐field‐induced transient spin‐flip Raman laser pulses in InSb A. Mooradian, S.R.J. Brueck, E.J. Johnson, and J.A. Rossi Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 482 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654227 (3 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An InSb spin‐flip Raman laser pumped continously by a carbon monoxide laser near 5.2 μm has produced Stokes pulses of ≲10⁻⁹‐sec duration when an electric field of a few V∕cm was applied or removed from the sample. This effect is interpreted in terms of a transient Raman gain, which occurs when electrons are heated or allowed to cool in the conduction band.

Select this Article		Gettering rates of various fast‐diffusing metal impurities at ion‐damaged layers on silicon T.M. Buck, K.A. Pickar, J.M. Poate, and C‐M. Hsieh Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 485 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654228 (3 pages) \| Cited 35 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract High‐temperature gettering of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Au by ion‐damaged surface layers on silicon wafers has been studied by Rutherford backscattering of ⁴He⁺ ions incident at 1.75 or 2 MeV. Analysis showed impurity levels in the damaged layers ranging from 10¹³–10¹⁷∕cm². The metals fall into two groups: those which are gettered slowly‐Fe, Co, and Au— and those gettered rapidly‐Cu and Ni. This trend is predicted by a simple diffusion model using published interstitial solubilities and diffusivities.

Select this Article		Morphological asymmetry in laser damage of transparent dielectric surfaces N.L. Boling, G. Dubé, and M.D. Crisp Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 487 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654229 (3 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The morphological difference between entrance and exit surface damage is examined in terms of Fresnel reflections at the interface of the dielectric and the plasma associated with damage. It is suggested that the standing wave formed at the exit surface by the incident wave and the wave reflected from the plasma‐dielectric interface is responsible for the characteristic pits of exit surface damage, while entrance damage characteristics are due to thermal shock from the hot plasma contiguous to the surface.

Select this Article		Elastic and piezoelectric constants of the cuprous halides R.C. Hanson, J.R. Hallberg, and C. Schwab Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 490 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654230 (3 pages) \| Cited 72 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Elastic and piezoelectric constants of CuCl, CuBr, and CuI have been measured. The elastic constants of zinc‐blende‐structure materials when plotted on a reduced scale indicate a striking instability as the Phillips critical ionicity (0. 785) is approached. CuCl is the most piezoelectric of these materials with a piezoelectric constant e₁₄=0.41 C∕m² at 80°K.

Select this Article		Pyroelectric copying process J.G. Bergman, G.R. Crane, A.A. Ballman, and H.M. O'Bryan Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 497 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654233 (3 pages) \| Cited 12 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An electrostatic copying process based on the pyroelectric effect is described. The effect is demonstrated with single crystals of LiTaO₃, ceramic plates of lanthanum‐modified lead zirconate‐titanate (PLZT), and polymer films of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVF₂). By employing thin films (0.8 mil) of PVF₂ to minimize thermal diffusion, we have obtained sufficient resolution to allow charge distributions (images) to be visually observed by dusting the films with conventional electrostatically charged inks. Since the pyroelectric effect is not wavelength dependent, certain advantages over photoconductive techniques, with their inherent wavelength dependence, are possible.

Select this Article		Correlation of fractional‐monolayer oxygen determinations obtained by proton‐excited x‐ray and Auger electron spectroscopy analysis of Fe surfaces P.B. Needham, T.J. Driscoll, and N.G. Rao Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 502 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654235 (4 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Oxygen K_α x rays excited by the impact of 120‐keV protons have been used to determine absolute oxygen surface coverages ranging from 4.8×10¹⁴ to 5.2×10¹⁵ atoms∕cm² on polycrystalline iron samples mounted in an Auger spectroscopy system. Amplitudes of the electron‐beam‐excited oxygen KL₂L₂ Auger electron spectra obtained from the samples corresponded linearly with the coverages determined by the proton‐excited x rays (PEX). Estimates of the oxygen adatom coverages using the Auger results and the theoretical approach of Bishop and Riviere were found to agree within a factor of 2.15 (± 0.22) with the PEX‐determined coverages.

Select this Article		Optical measurement of the ion temperature in a barium Q plasma W. Gekelman, T.R. Hart, K.C. Rogers, and R.O. Motz Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 510 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654238 (3 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The ion temperature in a single‐ended barium Q machine has been determined optically, with and without current drawn through the machine. Ion temperatures which were consistent or slightly higher than the hot‐plate temperature of 0.25 eV rose to 5–7 eV when an electron drift was initiated. The ion temperature rose to 1 eV if an ion current was drawn along the column. These phenomena are independent of magnetic field.

Select this Article		Subnanosecond pyroelectric detector C.B. Roundy and R.L. Byer Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 512 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654239 (4 pages) \| Cited 9 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have designed and tested a 500‐psec‐rise‐time pyroelectric detector. The responsivity is great enough to drive a Tektronix 519 oscilloscope when amplified with a 1.0‐GHz‐bandwidth amplifier. To obtain broad spectral response we have developed a thermally fast‐absorbing black which has approximately 50% absorption from 0.3 μ to greater than 50 μ, and transfers 90% of the absorbed energy to the pyroelectric crystal in 400 psec. The maximum detector output voltage prior to amplification is 2. 0 V, limited by the absorbing black's burn intensity.

Select this Article		Cold‐cathode electron‐beam‐controlled CO₂ laser amplifier H.G. Ahlstrom, G. Inglesakis, J.F. Holzrichter, T. Kan, J. Jenson, and A.C. Kolb Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 492 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654231 (3 pages) \| Cited 9 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A large‐area—cold‐cathode (10 × 100 cm) electron gun has been constructed and used to control of CO₂ laser amplifier. Energy deposition of 226 J∕liter in a time of 1 μsec has led to a gain of 4.9% cm in an atmospheric‐pressure CO₂ laser mixture.

Select this Article		Thin‐film distributed‐feedback laser fabricated by ion milling D.P. Schinke, R.G. Smith, E.G. Spencer, and M.F. Galvin Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 494 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654232 (3 pages) \| Cited 26 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Distributed feedback of a thin‐film optical guided mode has been produced by a periodic perturbation of the guide height. Using photoresist and ion‐milling techniques, gratings with a period of ∼0.2 μ and a peak‐to‐peak height of ∼0.1 μ have been formed on fused silica substrates. A film of polyurethane doped with Rhodamine 6G pumped by an N₂ laser formed the gain medium. Data presented on the oscillation threshold of several lasers are in agreement with calculated feedback parameters. This technique is capable of producing high‐resolution gratings in durable materials which can provide feedback in low‐gain laser media.

Select this Article		Observation of Fresnel fringes in the conventional scanning electron microscope A.N. Broers Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 499 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654234 (3 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Images of Fresnel fringes have been obtained in the conventional surface scanning electron microscope operating in the transmission mode. These fringes provide a means for critically evaluating instrument resolution, final lens astigmatism, and source brightness.

Select this Article		cw operation and nitric oxide spectroscopy using diode lasers of Pb_1−xGe_x Te G.A. Antcliffe, S.G. Parker, and R.T. Bate Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 505 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654236 (3 pages) \| Cited 17 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract cw operation at liquid‐helium temperatures of junction lasers fabricated from the IV‐VI alloy Pb_1−xGe_xTe is reported. These lasers are current tunable and emit in the infrared between 4 and 6 μm. Preliminary high‐resolution spectra of nitric oxide recorded near 5.3 μm by using these lasers are reported.

Select this Article		Auger electron spectroscopy and sputter etching of Ni∕Au☒Ge on n‐GaAs G.Y. Robinson and N.L. Jarvis Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 507 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654237 (4 pages) \| Cited 6 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A new diagnostic technique was used to examine the alloying behavior of the Ni∕Au☒Ge Ohmic contact to n‐type GaAs. By combining Auger electron spectroscopy with sputter etching, depth‐composition profiles of Ni, Au, Ge, Ga, and As were obtained for alloyed and unalloyed samples. Gallium out‐diffusion and surface accumulation during alloying was observed. The degree of Ga out‐diffusion as well as the redistribution of Ga and As in the alloyed region was found to depend on the orientation of the GaAs substrate. It was shown that the overlaying Ni film does not cover the Au☒Ge uniformly during alloying.

Select this Article		Influence of the current‐phase relationship on the I‐V characteristic of superconducting weak links F. Auracher and T. Van Duzer Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 515 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654240 (4 pages) \| Cited 13 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract I‐V characteristics with and without hysteresis are calculated for various current‐phase relations. We show that the shape of the current‐phase relation has a significant influence on the shape of the I‐V characteristic and the amount of hysteresis in it.