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Issue 12 | 15 Dec | pp. 565-603

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Volume 1

Select this Article		Epitaxial electro‐optic mixed‐crystal (NH₄)_xK_1−xH₂PO₄ film waveguide V. Ramaswamy Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 183 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654335 (3 pages) \| Cited 10 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Observation of optical guidance in an epitaxial mixed‐crystal film (NH₄)_xK_1−xH₂PO₄ grown on a (100) KDP substrate is reported. The film thickness was ∼38 μ. The ordinary and extraordinary indices of the film for x=0.07 at 589.3 nm were n_fo=1.5105 and n_fe=1.4695. The difference in corresponding indices between the film and the substrate was 10⁻³. When the film waveguide was excited by a Gaussian He☒Ne laser beam, the distribution of energy across the output face of the crystal confirmed one‐dimensional guiding in the epitaxial film.

Select this Article		Like‐sign asymmetric dislocations in zinc‐blende structure M.S. Abrahams, J. Blanc, and C.J. Buiocchi Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 185 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654336 (2 pages) \| Cited 81 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Symmetry considerations reveal that an asymmetry exists relative to orthogonal 60° dislocations of the same sign in zinc‐blende structure. The effect of this asymmetry has been observed in compositionally graded crystals of In_1−xGa_xP and GaAs_1−xP_x grown from vapor phase. It is observed that the spatial arrangement of the two sets of misfit dislocations in an orthogonal array is different. In one 〈110〉 direction, the misfit dislocations tend to be uniformly distributed, while in the other 〈110〉 direction there is a marked tendency for periodic banding of the dislocations.

Select this Article		Thermoelectric analysis of transport in linear transition‐metal organometallic compounds John W. McKenzie, Chen‐ho Wu, and Richard H. Bube Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 187 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654337 (3 pages) \| Cited 8 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Thermoelectric analysis of the electrical conductivity in Ir(CO₃) Br and K₂Pt(CN)₄Cl_0.3⋅xH₂O as a function of temperature and atmosphere gives additional insight into the transport processes involved. The temperature independence of the thermoelectric power measured for Ir(CO₃) Br indicates that the observed temperature dependence of conductivity is due to the mobility of the carriers and is consistent with a hopping model for conductivity. Two quite different electronic states of K₂Pt(CN)₄Cl_0.3⋅xH₂O are defined as (i) a high‐conductivity hydrated state with x ≈ 2.6, which exhibits a small positive thermoelectric power, and (ii) a lower‐conductivity dehydrated state with x ≈ 0, which exhibits a larger negative thermoelectric power. Log conductivity in the former state varies as 1∕T^1∕2, whereas in the latter state log conductivity varies as 1∕T.

Select this Article		Singly resonant CdSe infrared parametric oscillator R.L. Herbst and R.L. Byer Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 189 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654338 (3 pages) \| Cited 13 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have demonstrated an infrared singly resonant parametric oscillator using CdSe as the nonlinear crystal. The oscillator operates with either a resonant signal near 2.2 μ or resonant idler in the 9.8‐ to 10.4‐μ region. Using a Q‐switched Nd : YAG laser operating at 1.833 μ as a pump source, we have observed thresholds of 550 W and up to 40% conversion efficiency. The angle‐tuned oscillator operates at room temperature with a 2‐cm⁻¹ bandwidth.

Select this Article		Rh‐doped LiNbO₃ as an improved new material for reversible holographic storage A. Ishida, O. Mikami, S. Miyazawa, and M. Sumi Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 192 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654339 (2 pages) \| Cited 23 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A poled single crystal of LiNbO₃ doped with Rh as a new impurity is described in terms of its storage performance in producing high‐efficiency simple phase holograms. Doping with Rh introduces a new absorption band peaking around 4880 Å, and dramatically improves the recording sensitivity, diffraction efficiency, erasing sensitivity, and persistence of holograms over the undoped crystal. Anomalous optical erasure, possibly due to self‐enhancement of the hologram, is also observed in our doped crystal.

BROWSE VOLUMES

1 Sep 1972

Volume 21, Issue 5, pp. 183-245

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Select this Article		Direct measurement of flat‐band voltage in MOS by infrared excitation B.H. Yun Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 194 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654340 (2 pages) \| Cited 7 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A photoexcitation technique for the direct measurement of metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) flat‐band voltage is described. The principle consists of generating excess carriers in the semiconductor space‐charge region by infrared pulses as a function of potential applied across the MOS capacitor and utilizing the fact that the current pulses induced in the external circuit become identically zero when the applied voltage is equal to the flat‐band voltage. Experimental results are presented for MOS on silicon substrates.

Select this Article		Bulk recombination of charge carriers in polymer films: poly‐N‐vinylcarbazole complexed with trinitrofluorenone R.C. Hughes Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 196 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654341 (3 pages) \| Cited 14 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract High concentrations of photocarriers have been produced in the bulk of a thin film of the photoconducting polymer poly‐N‐vinylcarbazole : trinitrofluorenone (PKV : TNF) by a Q‐switched ruby laser, and the bulk (bimolecular) recombination of the charge carriers has been observed. The kinetics of recombination are in quantitative agreement with a theory originally developed by Langevin for the diffusion‐controlled recombination of ions in high‐pressure gases. The recombination rate constant is proportional to the carrier mobility, and despite the low carrier mobility the rate constant is as large as is found in many semiconductors.

Select this Article		Stimulated VUV emission in high‐pressure xenon excited by high‐current relativistic electron beams H.A. Koehler, L.J. Ferderber, D.L. Redhead, and P.J. Ebert Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 198 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654342 (3 pages) \| Cited 90 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) emission characteristics of xenon for pressures from 15 to 450 psi are presented. Stimulated emission was observed above 200 psi. Experiments were run both with and without mirrors. Without mirrors, the emission was 150 Å wide centered at 1700 Å, and the mean radiative lifetime was 2×10⁻⁸. The energy conversion efficiency was ∼ 20%. With mirrors above 200 psi the emission width narrowed to 17 Å centered at 1716 Å, and the output was highly directional. The pulse width narrowed from 50 to ∼ 3 nsec.

Select this Article		Photoconductivity and luminescence in lanthanum oxysulfide W.I. Dobrov and R.A. Buchanan Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 201 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654343 (3 pages) \| Cited 12 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Rare‐earth doped crystals of lanthanum oxysulfide were found to exhibit strong photoconductivity which increases rapidly with temperature. Correlation of photoconductivity to luminescence spectra of La₂O₂S : Eu shows that thermal quenching of the luminous emission from ⁵D states leads to the production of photocarriers, the majority of which are most likely holes. Special features of La₂O₂S : Eu photoconductivity indicate the important role which the charge‐transfer states play in the luminescence mechanisms.

Select this Article		cw laser oscillation in singly ionized iodine J.A. Piper, G.J. Collins, and C.E. Webb Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 203 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654344 (3 pages) \| Cited 8 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We have observed cw laser oscillation on ten transitions of singly ionized iodine in a He☒I₂ mixture using a multiple anode‐hollow cathode laser tube of metal construction. Output characteristics as a function of helium pressure, iodine partial pressure, and discharge current have been investigated.

Select this Article		Experimental observation of the radial pattern of an ion sound wave parametrically excited in Tonks‐Dattner resonance Shunjiro Ikezawa and Takayoshi Okuda Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 205 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654345 (3 pages) \| Cited 4 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The radial pattern of an ion sound wave in a mercury discharge tube where the ion sound wave is parametrically excited in Tonks‐Dattner resonance is observed. The frequency of the HF (high‐frequency) wave is chosen to be about one order lower than that in Stern's experiment so that the diameter of the tube can be large, by which means the detailed radial pattern of the wave can be obtained. The result qualitatively agrees with the theory predicted by Rosa and Allen‐that is, it does not show the standing‐wave pattern.

Select this Article		Optical waveguides of single‐crystal garnet films P.K. Tien, R.J. Martin, S.L. Blank, S.H. Wemple, and L.J. Varnerin Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 207 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654346 (3 pages) \| Cited 49 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract We report light‐wave propagation experiments in single‐crystal epitaxially grown garnet films. The discussion includes refractive index and lattice constant considerations for various garnets, and also the use of iron garnet films on gallium garnet substrates as magneto‐optical waveguides useful in integrated optics.

Select this Article		Detection of OH in the atmosphere using a dye laser E.L. Baardsen and R.W. Terhune Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 209 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654347 (3 pages) \| Cited 26 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Preliminary experiments suggesting the feasibility of using a resonance fluorescence scheme to detect ambient concentrations of OH in the atmosphere (10⁶ molecules∕cm³) were carried out using OH concentrations near 10¹² molecules∕cm³. The P1(1) line of the v = 0 → 1 branch of the lowest electronic transition of OH at 2822 Å was resonantly excited with radiation from a doubled dye laser. The subsequent fluorescence from the v = 0 → 0 branch with Δν ≅ 3050 cm⁻¹ was observed to have a fluorescence efficiency of 0.6 × 10⁻³ in N₂ at atmospheric pressure with a 10‐mm partial pressure of H₂O. This fluorescence occurs 500 cm⁻¹ away from any strong Raman line in the atmosphere.

Select this Article		Electro‐optical activity of crystals E. Anastassakis Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 212 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654348 (2 pages) \| Cited 8 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract It is shown that the well‐known piezomagnetic tensor can be used to determine those experimental configurations in which the electro‐optical activity can be separated from birefringence, optical activity, and linear electro‐optical effect.

Select this Article		Forced‐convective‐flow carbon monoxide laser Tehmau Kan and Wayne Whitney Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 213 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654349 (3 pages) \| Cited 5 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Forced convective flow has been applied to a CO laser, resulting in an order‐of‐magnitude enhancement of the output power density over what can be achieved from the same laser under diffusion‐dominated operation. A 1‐m‐long 2.5‐cm‐diam‐bore laser has produced 400 W of cw emission at 20% electrical efficiency.

Select this Article		Attenuation of multimode glass optical waveguides D.B. Keck, P.C. Schultz, and F. Zimar Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 215 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654350 (3 pages) \| Cited 14 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Glass optical waveguides show great promise of being the transmission medium for optical communication links. Single‐mode waveguides have already been reported having a total attenuation of less than 20 dB∕km. In this work we report measurements on the first low‐loss multimode glass waveguide. These measurements include both total attenuation as a function of wavelength and total radiation attenuation at 632.8 nm. Total attenuation as low as 7 dB∕km was observed near 1060 nm. This is due in part to fabrication techniques which diminished the OH concentration in the glass. A total radiation loss of 12.3 dB∕km was measured that is higher than that predicted solely by Rayleigh scattering.

Select this Article		Mechano‐optic polarization modulator using a reflection diffraction grating R.M.A. Azzam and N.M. Bashara Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 222 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654353 (3 pages) Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A mechano‐optic polarization modulator is described which uses a diffraction grating from which incident s‐polarized (perpendicular to the plane of incidence) light is obliquely reflected. Rotation of the grating around its normal causes optical rotation of the plane of polarization of the reflected light. The ellipticity and amplitude modulation which accompany this azimuth modulation are insignificant. The modulation is linear up to a limit determined by the onset of a surface‐plasmon‐excitation anomaly. A 610‐lines∕mm diffraction grating is used to linearly modulate a 6328‐Å He☒Ne laser with a modulation index of 0.183° of optical rotation per degree of mechanical rotation. This modulation effect is useful in instruments that use polarization‐modulated light and ac phase detection. It also provides a method for optical measurement of torsional oscillations.

Select this Article		Twisted domain wall structure in bubble films Ernst Schlömann Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 227 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654355 (3 pages) \| Cited 14 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Because of the magnetic surface charge, the wall magnetization is ``twisted'' into a direction almost perpendicular to the wall plane near the film surface. The width and energy of such walls and the twist angle have been calculated by a variational method for uniaxial anisotropy and stationary plane walls. For very thick films (film thickness ≫ wall width in an infinite medium), the reciprocal wall width and the wall energy are smaller than the values for an untwisted wall by approximately a factor (1 − 0. 65σ)^☒, where σ=4πM₀∕H_a, M₀ being the saturation magnetization and H_a the uniaxial anisotropy field.

Select this Article		Tests on superconducting helix resonators R. Benaroya, A.H. Jaffey, K. Johnson, T. Khoe, J.J. Livingood, J.M. Nixon, G.W. Parker, W.J. Ramler, J. Aron, and W.A. Wesolowski Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 235 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654359 (2 pages) \| Cited 7 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A niobium helix‐resonator cavity close to the frequency suitable for a heavy‐ion accelerator has been subject to an 8‐week test, including 323 h at full power (axial electric field E_ax>2.5 MV∕m). The cavity, with an anodically deposited protective film of Nb₂O₅, had a high Q and supported high fields without deterioration over the whole period during which it was subject to a moderate internally generated x‐ray dose. Properties were found to be stable against considerable thermal cycling and exposure to air. Measurement of emitted x‐ray maximum energy allowed an independent corroboration of the field measurement calibration.

Select this Article		Magnetic‐field‐enhanced heating of plasmas with CO₂ lasers Daniel R. Cohn and Benjamin Lax Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 217 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654351 (4 pages) \| Cited 9 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The effect of high magnetic fields upon the heating rate of CO₂‐laser‐produced plasmas has been calculated. It is found that the inhibition of thermal losses in the presence of high magnetic fields should substantially enhance the effectiveness of the CO₂ laser as a means of creating hot plasmas. Electron and ion temperatures are computed for plasmas produced with 10¹⁰‐W CO₂ lasers.

Select this Article		Pyroelectric effect in Tl₃AsSe₃ D.W. Deis and G.W. Roland Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 220 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654352 (3 pages) \| Cited 2 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF See Also: Erratum
	+ -	Show Abstract The room‐temperature pyroelectric coefficient of Tl₃AsSe₃, a hexagonal nonferroelectric crystal, is 0.35 μC∕cm² °K, one of the largest observed to date. This large pyroelectric coefficient and the measured electrical properties make this material attractive for pyroelectric detector applications.

Select this Article		Transient oscillator analysis of a high‐pressure electrically excited CO laser W.B. Lacina and M.M. Mann Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 224 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654354 (3 pages) \| Cited 9 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract A molecular kinetic model and self‐consistent oscillator analysis have been developed for electrically excited transient and steady‐state (CO, N₂, He, Ar, …) laser systems. Theoretical calculations for a transient oscillator are compared with experimental data obtained from a high‐pressure electron‐beam‐stabilized long‐pulse transverse‐discharge CO device.

Select this Article		Condenser‐transducer array for acoustical holography A.K. Nigam and G.M. Sessler Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 229 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654356 (3 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract An electroacoustic transducer array employing condenser‐microphone elements with a solid dielectric diaphragm is described. Both diaphragm and backplate of the array are selectively metallized on one side along parallel strips and positioned so that the metal strips of the diaphragm are perpendicular to the metal strips of the backplate with the dielectric foil separating the two. The areas of overlapping diaphragm and backplate strips form identical condenser microphone elements. The array is mechanically and electrically simple, is capable of operation in gases and liquids over wide frequency ranges, and can be designed with large apertures. The overlapping metal‐strip technique can also be employed for piezo‐electric arrays.

Select this Article		Electrical characteristics of vitreous vs common carbons Alvin B. Kaufman Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 231 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654357 (2 pages) \| Cited 1 time Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract The carbonization of certain cross‐linked polymers under carefully controlled conditions yields a nongraphitizing carbon which, on account of its high lustre and conchoidal fracture, has been called ``vitreous carbon''. The temperature coefficient of resistivity for this carbon has been determined and its bulk resistivity reconfirmed. These are compared to carbons formed from other bases, and it is shown that, although vitreous carbon has unique mechanical properties, its electrical characteristics are similar to a common form of processed carbon.

Select this Article		Current‐voltage characteristics of Al☒SiO₂☒Si structures M. Av‐Ron and M. Shatzkes Appl. Phys. Lett. 21, 233 (1972); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654358 (3 pages) \| Cited 3 times Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003 Full Text: \| Download PDF
	+ -	Show Abstract Experimental results are presented on conduction, breakdown, and switching in Al☒SiO₂☒Si MOS dots. Transitions from the low‐conduction state are found to terminate in self‐healing breakdowns. There also exists a higher‐conduction state in which destructive breakdowns do not occur.