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15 May 1973

Volume 22, Issue 10, pp. 473-554

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Acoustoelectric energy conversion in n‐InSb

T. Aoki, F. Ogawa, I. Naito, and T. Arizumi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 473 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654473 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Acoustoelectric energy conversion in n‐type InSb has been investigated. Electromagnetic radiation is observed at 77°K when the externally injected acoustic wave arrives at the end of a sample. The frequency of the radiation is the same as that of the acoustic wave. Application of an electric field enhances its intensity, and a transverse magnetic field also affects it. Dependence of the conversion efficiency on the external field is shown.

Surface acoustic wave velocities on Gd2 (MoO4)3

M. Toda, S. Tosima, E. Shima, and T. Iwasa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 476 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654474 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The propagation velocity of a surface acoustic wave on Z‐cut Gd2(MoO4)3 has been measured. It has been found that the surface wave velocity is (2.086±0.003)×105 cm∕sec in the X‐axis (a‐axis) direction and (2.149±0.003)×105 cm∕sec in the Y‐axis (b‐axis) direction. The X and Y crystal axes have been interchanged by the dc voltage applied to the electrode on the surface, and thus the surface wave velocities were controlled electrically. The coupling constants k2 calculated from the radiation resistance are 7.2×10−4 for propagation in the X‐axis direction and 4.0×10−4 in the Y‐axis direction.

Pressure dependence of sound velocity in [001] plane of copper

David Y. Chung and V.E. Ljamov

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 478 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654475 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The velocity surface of sound waves as a function of uniaxial pressure has been calculated by the use of the nonlinear acoustic theory of Ljamov et al. The result for the [001] plane of copper will be presented. Consistent results have been obtained when compared with the experimental measurements of Hiki and Granato in the pressure range below 1 kbar.

Optical probing of surface acoustic wave generation under interdigital transducers

P.J. Vella and G.I.A. Stegeman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 480 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654476 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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High‐resolution optical spectroscopy was used to study the growth of continuously excited surface acoustic waves under 15‐ and 25‐finger‐pair aluminum interdigital transducers on y‐cut z‐propagating lithium niobate. The observed exponential growth of the surface wave with distance is in agreement with simple coupled‐mode theory. The coupling parameter leads to a direct evaluation of the effective electromechanical coupling constant K. For yz LiNbO3 a value of K2=0.030±0.003 was found.

Acoustic surface wave Δv∕v waveguides on anisotropic substrates

L. A. Coldren and R. V. Schmidt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 482 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654477 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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See Also: Erratum

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Accurate measurements of the phase and group velocity dispersion curves have been made for Δv∕v waveguides on (001) 〈110〉 Bi12GeO20. The measurements are shown to be in good agreement with the results of a simple theory which includes the effect of substrate anisotropy. Results indicate that the acoustic energy is bound more tightly to waveguides fabricated on crystal orientations where anisotropy provides a reduced diffraction loss for unguided waves.

Surface acoustic wave losses of thin‐film gratings

Thomas L. Szabo

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 484 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654478 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Measurements of surface acoustic wave losses of thin‐film gratings on piezoelectric substrates have been made by a real‐time laser probe technique. For a 130‐line chrome‐aluminum shorted grating on Y‐cut Z‐propagating LiNbO3, 70% of the power incident on the grating was reflected, 4% was transmitted, and 26% was lost at the resonant grating frequency of 308.5 MHz. A transmission‐line model applied to the measurements indicates an impedance discontinuity ratio between the film and substrate of Z = 1.018.

Superresolution in optical data storage

Harold Wieder

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 487 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654479 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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By exploiting the threshold nature of the temperature of amorphization in a crystalline film of TeGeAs, digital information was recorded at a density higher than that obtainable with a linear storage medium. This information was read out optically with a scanning GaAs laser by choosing such an operating level for the laser that optical feedback from the crystalline state raised the laser above threshold, while feedback from the amorphous state did not. The use of these nonlinear techniques increases the recording and readout information density of an optical store beyond the limit imposed by optical diffraction.

Range distribution of implanted ions in SiO2, Si3N4, and Al2O3

W.K. Chu, B.L. Crowder, J.W. Mayer, and J.F. Ziegler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 490 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654480 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Backscattering measurements with 2.0‐MeV He+ ions were used to determine the range distribution of Zn, Ga, As, Se, Cd, and Te implanted in SiO2, Si3N4, and Al2O3 at energies between 150 and 300 keV. Values of the projected range were systematically greater than LSS predictions by factors of 1.2–1.5. In normalized LSS units, the projected range, ρp, as a function of energy, ϵ, consistently followed within experimental error the relation ρp=2.7ϵ, where an arithmetic average atomic number of 10 and arithmetic average atomic mass of 20 apply to all three target species.

Strain‐induced instability of monodomain smectic A and cholesteric liquid crystals

Noel A. Clark and Robert B. Meyer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 493 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654481 (2 pages) | Cited 96 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A mechanism is proposed for the observed mechanical instability of monodomain smectic A and cholesteric liquid crystals subjected to uniaxial dilative stress. The threshold conditions for the instability are derived, and the possible roles of dislocations in controlling the instability and in producing large plastic distortions are discussed.

Propagation of acoustic surface waves in multilayers: A matrix description

A.H. Fahmy and E. L. Adler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 495 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654482 (3 pages) | Cited 71 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A matrix formalism is outlined for studying surface wave propagation in layered structures utilizing materials of arbitrary anisotropy, piezoelectricity, and conductivity. The analytical formulation reduces the equations describing the system to a first‐order matrix differential equation which is readily solved. The conceptual advantages and reduction of programming effort and computing time resulting from this approach are illustrated using as examples an infinite plate, a multilayer plate, a layered half‐space, and a free half‐space.

Role of magnetic fields in suprathermal particle generation by laser‐produced plasmas

D.A. Tidman and J.A. Stamper

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 498 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654483 (2 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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In this note we first use a simple circuit model to summarize the properties of the strong magnetic fields generated in laser‐produced plasmas. It is pointed out that these fields are expected to increase the efficiency of suprathermal particle production near the critical depth. They would also cause energetic electrons to drift into the overdense regions of the target, giving rise to some emission of high‐energy x rays.

Ignition and maintenance of a cw plasma in atmospheric‐pressure air with CO2 laser radiation

David C. Smith and Michael C. Fowler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 500 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654484 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The focused output from a high‐power cw CO2 laser is used to study the maintenance of a plasma in atmospheric‐pressure air. The plasma is initiated externally by an electric spark and maintained by the absorbed laser beam energy. Ignition has also been observed when the laser was focused on a solid target. The maintenance threshold is examined as a function of beam diameter; for beams smaller than 1 mm the threshold power is ∼2 kW. When focused with lenses of 14‐cm focal length and shorter, the plasma ball is stationary, situated slightly ahead of the focal point. For this focusing system, the transmission through the plasma was a function of incident power and increased with decreasing laser power. The value of the measured plasma absorption coefficient corresponds to an electron temperature of 14 000°K. When the laser beam was focused with 25‐cm—focal‐length mirrors or larger, the plasma was not stationary but propagated up the beam at a velocity of ∼10 m∕sec toward the laser before extinguishing. The maintenance threshold of the plasma is discussed in terms of the loss channels from the plasma.

Characteristics of a cold cathode plasma electron gun

B.B. O'Brien

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 503 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654485 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A plasma discharge is described which can produce a large‐area electron beam with energies up to 150 kV and current densities in excess of 1 A∕cm2 for durations of the order of 20 μs. For voltages up to ∼120 kV, durations of 100 μs or longer are attainable without arcing in the discharge. The discharge has a smooth cathode and will operate with various fill gases at pressures of about 10 μ. The device is being developed as an electron gun for high‐pressure laser discharge stabilization.

Anomalously large thermoelectric cooling figure of merit in the Kondo systems CePd3 and Celn3

R.J. Gambino, W.D. Grobman, and A.M. Toxen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 506 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654486 (2 pages) | Cited 25 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Measurements of thermopower, resistivity, and thermal conductivity for the rare‐earth intermetallic compounds CePd3 and CeIn3 indicate an anomalously large Peltier effect cooling figure of merit at low temperatures associated with a large thermopower. Resistivity and susceptibility measurements indicate that these compounds possess localized Ce 4f electrons which give rise to the Kondo effect and thermopower enhancement. These results suggest that a survey of Ce intermetallic compounds could lead to new materials for low‐temperature thermoelectric cooling applications.

An efficient plasma surface‐wave coupler

T.P. Sorensen and V.M. Ristic

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 508 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654487 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A plasma surface‐wave coupler consisting of interdigital metallic rings is described and the comparison between the theoretical and experimental results is presented. The coupling loss per coupler is 4 dB at the frequency of 52 MHz measured on an experimental setup consisting of a plasma tube and two couplers spaced 25 cm apart. The coupler is insensitive to slow‐temporal and slow‐spatial variations of the plasma frequency. The coupler can be used in plasma laser and plasma torch applications.

Three‐dimensional light guides in single‐crystal GaAs☒Alx Ga1 − xAs

J.C. Tracy, W. Wiegman, R.A. Logan, and F.K. Reinhart

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 511 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654488 (2 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A technique is described for fabricating miniature dielectric waveguides of GaAs embedded in a matrix of AlxGa1−xAs. The method appears to have general applicability for generating complex integrated optical circuits using the AlxGa1−xAs system. The film growth employs molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), while the pattern generation is based on photolithography combined with a recently developed anodization technique.

New chemically pumped CO2 and N2O lasers

S.K. Searles and J.R. Airey

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 513 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654489 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Laser oscillation, based on the transfer of vibrational energy from OD(OH) to CO2 and from OD to N2O, was observed during the flash photolysis of mixtures containing ozone.

Optically pumped GaAs surface laser with corrugation feedback

M. Nakamura, A. Yariv, H.W. Yen, S. Somekh, and H. L. Garvin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 515 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654490 (2 pages) | Cited 45 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A GaAs distributed‐feedback laser was fabricated and pumped optically. A narrow stimulated spectrum was obtained around 0.83 μ with threshold pumping power of ∼2 × 105 W∕cm2.

Extension of microwave spectroscopy techniques to the infrared region

V.J. Corcoran, J.M. Martin, and W.T. Smith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 517 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654491 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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High‐resolution frequency‐measuring spectroscopy techniques have been extended to the infrared region for the first time. The initial data obtained from this spectrometer are gain versus frequency for CO2 transitions. The gain line profile of the P(18) line of the 00°1 → 10°0 vibrational band of CO2 is reported between 1 and 12 Torr. The slope of the collison contribution to the linewidth is determined to be 4.46 MHz∕Torr at 296°K in a mixture of 14% CO2, 17% N2, and 69% He.

Shock‐wave termination of laser action in coaxial flash lamp dye lasers

T.F. Ewanizky, R.H. Wright, and H.H. Theissing

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 520 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654492 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Shock‐wave‐induced optical distortion of dye laser solutions in conventional coaxial flash lamps has been observed. An inwardly propagating radial shock wave is generated in the solution upon flash lamp discharge, causing virtually complete scattering of axially directed light within a few microseconds. Laser action is prematurely terminated since rapidly induced optical distortion becomes a substantial impediment during the period of effective laser pumping.

Interrelationship between the saturated drift velocity and impact ionization of electrons in silicon

H.P.D. Lanyon

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 522 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654493 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The saturated drift velocity of electrons in silicon is explained in terms of a tight coupling between electrons and optical phonons with an energy of 46.8 meV. In the saturated regime the scattering time is inversely proportional to the electric field, which results in a spread of carrier energies increasing with the electric field. The field dependence of the ionization coefficient may be explained if a drifted Maxwellian distribution is assumed. In this field range the electron temperature T* is due to randomized motion in the plane perpendicular to the electric field direction and is related to the scattering time τ through the relationship kT*=h∕τ, where h is Planck's constant. Excellent numerical agreement is found between the theoretical predictions and all experimentally observable quantities.

Ge‐doped p‐type epitaxial GaAs for microwave device application

F.E. Rosztoczy, J.F. Caldwell, J. Kinoshita, and M. Omori

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 525 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654494 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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GaAs p‐n junctions were grown by liquid‐phase epitaxy using Ge as the acceptor and Sn as the donor. Abrupt junctions with well‐controlled carrier concentrations in both the n and the p layers were produced. High‐quality varactors and double‐drift GaAs IMPATT diodes were fabricated. cw output power of 3.0 W with 15.8% efficiency at 8.9 GHz and pulse output power of 4.1 W with 20.7% efficiency at 10.56 GHz were observed.

Fundamental optical attenuation limits in the liquid and glassy state with application to fiber optical waveguide materials

D.A. Pinnow, T.C. Rich, F.W. Ostermayer, and M. DiDomenico

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 527 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654495 (3 pages) | Cited 62 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Fundamental optical scattering and absorption mechanisms have been identified which limit light transmission in fiber optical waveguide materials. These mechanisms, which are intimately associated with the random structure in the liquid and glassy state, are described and then used as a basis for comparing fiber optical waveguide materials. It is concluded that pure fused silica is a preferred waveguide material, having ultimate total losses of 1.2 dB∕km at the Nd : YAG laser wavelength of 1.06 μ, 3.0 dB∕km at the GaxAl1−xAs emission wavelength of approximately 0.8 μ, and 4.8 dB∕km at the GaP : Zn, O emission wavelength centered at 0.7 μ.

Theoretical origins of Nss peaks observed in Gray‐Brown MOS studies

M.R. Boudry

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 530 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654496 (2 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A MOS device has been modelled on a computer by using interface state parameters previously measured by a parallel conductance technique. A Gray‐Brown measurement was simulated, and the resulting apparent interface state distribution was found to show a large peak near the band edge, although the known distribution was in fact monotonic. This spurious peak is associated with a rapid decrease in interface state capture cross section as the band edge is approached, and is seen when the measurement frequency is insufficiently high.

Green light emission from Zn‐doped AlxGa1−xP alloys

H. Sonomura, T. Nanmori, and T. Miyauchi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 532 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654497 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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AlxGa1−xP alloys with an x=0.74 composition are prepared by solution growth method. The composition is determined from the density measured by using a heavy solution. The energy gap of the alloys shifts to a higher energy side than that of GaP by approximately 0.15 eV. Alloys doped with Zn emit green light of 535‐nm wavelength at room temperature.
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