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15 Feb 1973

Volume 22, Issue 4, pp. 119-200

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Superlinear dependence of photon drag voltage on incident power density

Teruho Kamibayashi, Sigenobu Yonemochi, and Toru Miyakawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 119 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654579 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The photon drag effect in semiconductors has been studied over a wide range of light intensities. The experiment was carried out on p‐type germanium samples by means of a TEA CO2 laser at 10.6 μm with a peak power of 1.2 MW. The superlinear dependence of photon drag voltage on incident power density was observed at room temperature for a sample of 2.6‐Ω cm resistivity.

Focusing of EM waves in plasmas by inhomogeneous magnetic fields

M.S. Sodha, A.K. Chakravarti, U.P. Phadke, G.D. Gautama, and I. Rattan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 121 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654580 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A new method of focusing electromagnetic (EM) waves in a plasma by means of a radially inhomogeneous magnetic field arrangement has been proposed. It is seen that the beam gets periodically focused in the plasma; for typical parameters, a focusing length of ∼ 1.05 cm has been predicted.

Direct observation of ferroelectric domains in TGS with second‐harmonic light

G. Dolino

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 123 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654581 (2 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Ferroelectric domains in a triglycine sulfate crystal have been directly observed and photographed using second‐harmonic light produced by a 1.06‐μ laser beam in a phase‐matching direction. A contrast inversion is observed when the crystal is slightly misaligned. Movements of domains during polarization switching under application of a dc electric field have been followed.

Laser oscillation in leaky corrugated optical waveguides

Peter Zory

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 125 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654582 (4 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The characteristics of laser action in leaky corrugated optical waveguides have been investigated using a spectroscopy technique which enables one to determine the guide index and vacuum wavelength differences of the oscillating modes. It is shown that an anomalous spatial beating phenomenon observed in the leaky waves coupled out through the side of the waveguide is due to laser oscillation on a hybrid guided mode where the feedback is provided by backward intermode diffraction. Also discussed are phenomena which can be utilized in multimode devices of this type to restrict the distributed‐feedback laser oscillation to narrow‐band polarized operation on the lowest‐order waveguide mode.

Study of the geometrical resonances of superconducting tunnel junctions

O. Hoffmann Soerensen, T.F. Finnegan, and N.F. Pedersen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 129 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654583 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The resonant cavity structure of superconducting Sn‐Sn‐oxide‐Sn tunnel junctions has been investigated via photon‐assisted quasiparticle tunneling. We find that the temperature‐dependent losses at 35 GHz are determined by the surface resistance of the Sn films for reduced temperatures between 0.5 and 0.8. Our results are in very good agreement with the microscopic theory of Mattis and Bardeen for the surface resistance of Sn.

Distributed‐feedback lasers in optical waveguides deposited on anisotropic substrates

J.E. Bjorkholm, T.P. Sosnowski, and C.V. Shank

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 132 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654584 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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We have investigated some of the properties of distributed‐feedback lasers constructed in thin‐film optical waveguides deposited on anisotropic substrates. We describe TE or TM mode suppression, frequency tuning by varying the propagation direction relative to the substrate optic axis, and the generation of unexpected frequencies via a new type of distributed‐feedback interaction.

Hybrid scattering in periodic waveguides

H. Kogelnik, C.V. Shank, and J.E. Bjorkholm

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 135 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654585 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A mechanism for frequency generation which can occur in waveguide distributed‐feedback lasers on anisotropic substrates is discussed. The proposed mechanism is a hybrid Bragg scattering between oppositely travelling waves with orthogonal polarizations. It explains the frequency spectrum observed in the preceding letter, which occurs as a result of the simultaneous presence of two coupled‐wave phenomena: mode conversion due to the anisotropic substrate, and backward Bragg scattering due to the periodic waveguide structure.

Photoinitiated transversely sustained CO2 laser

D.B. Cohn and E.R. Ault

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 138 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654586 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A uniform self‐sustaining discharge is initiated in a high‐pressure CO2 : N2 : He mixture by photons from a series of intense arcs, and subsequently sustained for times on the order of 400 μsec by an externally applied cathode‐anode voltage. For total pressures in the range of 100 Torr, lasing action is observed to occur in single 50–400‐μsec‐wide pulses, depending upon the discharge parameters. Energy supplied by the sustainer is converted to laser output with an efficiency of approximately 7%.

Thermal self‐defocusing of laser beams

A.K. Ghatak and S.K. Sharma

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 141 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654587 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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In this communication we have extended the theory of Akhmanov and his co‐workers for thermal self‐defocusing to include the effect of diffraction. The theory is also valid for large amounts of defocusing. Comparison has been made with the available experimental data.

``Noncritical'' phase matching in optical waveguides

W.K. Burns and R.A. Andrews

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 143 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654588 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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See Also: Erratum

Show Abstract
Phase matching of nonlinear three‐wave optical processes in optical waveguides is shown to be possible with the use of only zero‐order TE and TM modes, such that the phase‐match condition is made insensitive to waveguide thickness over a limited region. This is accomplished by adjusting the phase shifts on total internal reflection for lowest‐order modes, near cutoff, in a thin nearly symmetric waveguide. This ``noncritical'' situation eases the requirements on waveguide fabrication. Limitations due to bulk dispersion, waveguide asymmetry, and surface scattering losses are discussed.

On the theory of punch‐through diodes

M.T. Vlaardingerbroek and Th.G. van de Roer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 146 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654589 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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An analytical small‐signal theory of punch‐through diodes is presented in which both the dc and ac hole drift velocity depend on the local electric field. The negative resistance is caused by the velocity and space‐charge modulation in the bulk of the n layer, which arise from the interaction of the holes with the electric field. The field dependence of the injection tends to decrease this negative resistance at low current densities.

Josephson junction analog and quasiparticle‐pair current

C.K. Bak and N.F. Pedersen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 149 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654590 (2 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A close analogy exists between a Josephson junction and a phase‐locked loop. A new type of electrical analog based on this principle is presented. It is shown that the inclusion in this analog of a low‐pass filter gives rise to a current of the same form as the Josephson quasiparticle‐pair current. A simple picture of the quasiparticle‐pair current, which gives the right dependences, is obtained by assuming a junction cutoff frequency to be at the energy gap.

Noise reduction in acousto‐optic (Bragg) imaging systems by holographic recording

Donald C. Winter

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 151 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654591 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The high noise level of acousto‐optic images is reduced by utilizing the frequency difference between the image and noise light. A hologram is made of the acousto‐optic image with a reference beam having a frequency equal to that of the image light. As the noise light is of a different frequency, it is not holographically recorded. When the holographic image is observed, only a duplicate of the acousto‐optic image is seen, free of the background noise. Acousto‐optic images 10 dB below noise level have been detected using this technique.

High‐energy electron‐beam deposition onto a hot graphite surface

James E. Robin and R.D. Srivastava

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 153 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654592 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The momentum transfer and blow‐off vapor yield resulting from the deposition of a pulsed high‐power electron beam onto a plane graphite target with surface temperatures of 300°K and 5000°K are examined experimentally. The results show that with identical electron beams the momentum transfer and vapor yield are between two and three times larger when irradiating the 5000°K surface as compared with the 300°K surface.

Effect of Doppler ambiguity on the measurement of turbulence spectra by laser Doppler velocimeter

C.P. Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 154 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654593 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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For the measurement of turbulent flows, the effect of finite transit times of scatterers to cross the scattering region in a laser Doppler velocimeter is discussed. The result shows that in the measurement of the velocity spectrum, it is equivalent to a white spectrum noise with an amplitude inversely proportional to the average transit time. Theoretically, the noise becomes negligibly small when the wavelength of the laser light becomes very short.

Comparison of laser‐induced surface and bulk damage

D.W. Fradin and Michael Bass

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 157 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654594 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Data are presented which show that the optical field required to produce damage on a conventionally polished surface of a transparent medium is less than that required to damage an imperfection‐free surface. Electric field enhancement at imperfections can explain this result. In addition, the bulk damage field at 1.06 μm is reported for three materials and is found to be the same as the surface damage field on imperfection‐free surfaces.

Intrinsic coercive force in (Pr,Sm)Co5 as a function of samarium content

R.C. Carriker

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 160 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654595 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A strong dependence of the intrinsic coercive force on the amount of samarium present in (Pr,Sm)Co5 permanent magnets has been observed. These magnets were nominally 63 wt% Co, with five compositional variations in the rare‐earth content ranging from 20.70 wt% Pr−16.30 wt% Sm to 27.75 wt% Pr−9.25 wt% Sm being studied. The sintering temperatures were varied for each composition, holding the sintering time constant at 30 min. The maximum intrinsic coercive force achieved during sintering increased rapidly with samarium content from 2.6 kOe for the 9.75 wt% Sm alloy to 22.4 kOe for the 16.3 wt% Sm alloy.

On the mechanism for microwave amplification in ``supercritically'' doped n‐GaAs

R. Spitalnik, M.P. Shaw, A. Rabier, and J. Magarshack

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 162 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654596 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Good agreement is obtained between experiment and numerical calculations on supercritically doped n‐GaAs transferred electron amplifiers. When moderate doping depletions near one electrode are included in the calculations, the results correctly predict the small‐signal impedance and current‐voltage characteristics, including the bias‐induced stable‐unstable‐stable regimes. The results demonstrate the dominant role played by the electrodes in controlling the behavior of transferred electron amplifiers.

Transverse field effects in nematic liquid crystals

R.A. Soref

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 165 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654597 (2 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A novel electro‐optic effect has been observed in thin homeotropic nematic layers. Electrodes, such as a pair of parallel lines, are located on a planar surface in contact with the liquid. Deformation of the homeotropic ordering occurs when the applied field exceeds a threshold strength. Induced optical birefringence and diffraction have been observed, and electrically controlled optical transmission and reflection have been attained. Experimental data are given for a cyano‐aniline mixture with ϵ∥−ϵ⊥>0 and for negative‐anisotropy materials.

Observation and explanation of multistable nonvolatile memory in silicon FIT diodes

James W. Holm‐Kennedy, David L. Heald, George Williams, and Yu‐Wen Chang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 167 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654598 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Point‐contact, Schottky, and diffused‐silicon diodes doped with copper and iron impurities have been fabricated. These diodes show multistable behavior at room temperature, exhibiting a wide range of easily discriminated nonvolatile I‐V rectifying characteristics (class I behavior). The class I behavior is explained in terms of field‐induced trapping (FIT) with stationary space‐charge domain formation in or near the depletion region. If the class I devices are treated by heating with a large current pulse‐i.e., if they are formed‐a second class (class II) of multistable behavior is observed. The class II behavior is also observed in Au‐doped devices and is not presently well understood.

Study of silicon‐oxygen interaction with the statical method of secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS)

A. Benninghoven and S. Storp

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 170 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654599 (2 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The interaction of O2 with atomically clean Si surfaces has been studied by UHV secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). Thermally cleaned and annealed Si (111) surfaces, as well as ion‐bombarded Si (111) surfaces, have been investigated. The silicon‐oxygen interaction was found to take place in two steps. In step (i) a monoatomical oxide layer on the surface is formed with an initial sticking coefficient for O2 of about 1 and 0.05 for Si (111) and ion‐bombarded Si (111), respectively. In step (ii) this monoatomical layer grows very slowly into greater depth.

Push clocks: a new approach to charge‐coupled devices clocking

A.M. Mohsen, T.C. McGill, Michael Anthony, and C.A. Mead

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 172 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654600 (4 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A new approach to charge‐coupled device clocking has been developed—dynamic push clocks. With dynamic push clocks, the charge is transferred by pushing it from one storage site to another. The push clock approach results in a larger signal dynamic range, larger signal‐to‐noise ratio, and better performance at both high and low frequencies.

Comparison of sources of boron, phosphorus, and arsenic ions

R.G. Wilson and D.M. Jamba

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 176 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654601 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A number of boron, phosphorus, and arsenic compounds, viz., B2H6, B10H14, B3N3H6, B2S3, BF3, BCl3, BBr3, BI3, HBO2, P, PH3, PF3, PF5, PCl3, POCl3, P2O5, As, AsH3, AsF3, AsCl3, and As2O5, are compared as sources of boron, phosphorus, and arsenic ion beams in a hot‐filament electron‐impact or oscillating‐electron‐discharge (OED) ion source. Performance comparison data, including the percentage of B+, P+, P2+, P+2, As+, As2+ and As+2 in the total beam and the maximum ion currents observed at the target of a 150‐kV ion implantation system, are given for a common set of source and system conditions. BF3 and BCl3 are evaluated as the first and second best materials for B+, with any other compound providing only a poor third choice. The pure elements P and As provide large currents of both monatomic and diatomic ions and have no other interfering ion components. PH3 is a good source of P+ but has strong nearby hydride ions. The fluorides of P and As provide good currents of monatomic ions and have proved convenient to use.

High‐pressure iodine photodissociation laser

F.T. Aldridge

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 180 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654602 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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An iodine photodissociation laser has been operated at 600 Torr by adding inert gas to the laser medium. The inert gas does not quench the inversion. Pressure broadening of the 1.315‐μ emission line with an inert gas is a simple and effective method of increasing the energy storage capacity of the laser for short‐pulse amplification.

Energy and threshold characteristics of chemical lasers

T.D. Padrick and M.A. Gusinow

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 183 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654603 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A comparative study has been made of the time sequencing and energy content of the HF laser transitions in the CH3I+N2F4 chemical laser with two different cavity configurations. In one case the cavity is made up of two mirrors, and in the other case of a mirror and a grating. The prime conclusion of this work is that in order to understand the threshold behavior and energy content of multitransition chemical lasers it is necessary to invoke some kind of wavelength‐selective cavity. Furthermore, it has been observed that the use of a grating can channel a large portion of the normal total emission (obtained when the cavity consists of two mirrors) into a single transition.
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