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1 Apr 1973

Volume 22, Issue 7, pp. 307-347


On the ultimate lower limit of attenuation in glass optical waveguides

D.B. Keck, R.D. Maurer, and P.C. Schultz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 307 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654649 (3 pages) | Cited 67 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The fabrication of an extremely‐low‐loss glass optical waveguide, having as little as 4 dB∕km total attenuation, has allowed interpretation of the absorption spectrum to a much greater degree than previously possible. It is shown that, beyond about 700 nm, intrinsic ultraviolet absorption will have no effect. Between 700 and 1100 nm, all absorption can be accounted for on the basis of OH to within ±0.7 dB∕km. Marked reduction of the water content will leave the scattering as the major loss mechanism, thereby permitting total attenuations of about 2 dB∕km.

High‐pressure calibration with a new absolute‐pressure gauge

Arthur L. Ruoff, R. C. Lincoln, and Y. C. Chen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 310 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654650 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Based on the simultaneous measurement of length and transit time of a specimen under pressure, we have developed a new way of determining absolute high pressure. The mercury freezing point at 0 °C has been determined with this new method at 7571.2±1.6 bar. Accurate high‐pressure calibration of a secondary‐pressure gauge such as a manganin gauge is possible with this method. The maximum deviation from linearity of the present gauge studied is 11.6±0.1 bar between atmospheric pressure and the mercury freezing point at 0 °C.

A new type of magnetic domain wall in nearly compensated Ga‐substituted YIG

J.‐P. Krumme and P. Hansen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 312 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654651 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A special type of 180° domain wall which we call a ``compensation wall'' is observed in (111)‐oriented wafers with the chemical composition Y3Fe5−tGatO12, where t≈1.3. The compensation wall aligns along the sites of magnetic compensation (Ms=0) normal to the lateral gradient of t and is distinguished from a regular Bloch wall by essentially three properties: (i) The location of the wall remains unchanged under varying external magnetic fields; (ii) the wall thickness depends strongly on the applied magnetic field; and (iii) the wall moves with changing temperature.

Charge diagnostics for electron‐irradiated polymer foils

B. Gross, G.M. Sessler, and J.E. West

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 315 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654652 (2 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Polymer foils carrying thin vacuum‐deposited electrodes on both surfaces are irradiated with nonpenetrating monoenergetic electron beams of various energies. Measurement of the currents and charges drawn from both electrodes and of the voltage buildup between the electrodes during and after irradiation allows one to determine charge storage parameters of such electrets.

Transit‐time‐limited wall motion in Permalloy films

Carl E. Patton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 317 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654653 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A simple quantitative formulation of transit‐time‐limited wall motion is used to show that such an effect can reasonably explain the observed nonlinear wall motion in Permalloy thin films. The ``critical velocity'' is calculated by equating the intrinsic relaxation time Ti to the transit time Tt for the wall past an individual spin position to obtain Vcrit=δ∕Ti, where δ is the wall width. The model correctly predicts (i) the magnitude and (ii) variation with film thickness of the observed knee in the velocity‐field curves for wall motion in Permalloy films.

Parameter study of a 10‐J hydrogen fluoride laser

H. Pummer, W. Breitfeld, H. Wedler, G. Klement, and K.L. Kompa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 319 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654654 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A hydrogen fluoride chemical laser has been constructed with high‐voltage pulse initiation in a simple transverse discharge geometry. The system delivers a maximum pulse energy of 11 J with about 100‐nsec half‐width. This corresponds to an efficiency of nearly 4% with respect to the electrical input into the pulse generator. An investigation of the voltage and the current flow across the discharge chamber, however, indicates that the efficiency with regard to the actual energy deposition in the gaseous discharge is considerably higher. The discharge parameters for optimum operation are discussed.

Vibration‐translation rates in CO2 glow discharges

M.C. Gower and A.I. Carswell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 321 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654655 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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V‐T rates for the CO2 (1000) and (0001) levels have been measured in various 10.6‐μm amplifying and absorbing glow discharges by a simple new technique. The rise and decay times of the changes produced in the discharge current by a short‐duration 10.6‐μm laser pulse are interpreted in terms of the V‐T rates. Reciprocal rise and decay time plots vs pressure yield straight lines, the slopes of which are the average molecular V‐T rates for the (1000) and (0001) levels. Provided the electron density is known, the electron deactivation rates for these levels can also be obtained.

Velocity of domain walls in an epitaxial yttrium‐europium garnet film

G.P. Vella‐Coleiro, F.B. Hagedorn, Y.S. Chen, and S.L. Blank

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 324 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654656 (2 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Measurements of magnetic domain velocity by domain transport methods in an epitaxial Y2.4Eu0.6Ga1.2Fe3.8O12 film have yielded values as high as 2800 cm∕sec with no sign of saturation. These measurements conflict with those reported recently by Callen et al., who deduced a saturation velocity of 1300 cm∕sec from bubble collapse measurements made on films of the same composition. It is suggested that the discrepancy is due to the wall velocity reaching momentarily the Walker breakdown velocity in the bubble collapse technique, which then leads to a relatively immobile spin configuration similar to the one reported recently for hard magnetic bubbles.

Optical waveguiding layers in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3

I.P. Kaminow and J.R. Carruthers

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 326 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654657 (3 pages) | Cited 135 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Positive refractive‐index layers in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 have been produced by a novel out‐diffusion technique. The index profiles for a variety of conditions are measured directly with an interference microscope. Low‐loss optical waveguiding on the surface of these crystals has been observed.

Noncollinear phase matching in GaAs

R.L. Aggarwal, B. Lax, and G. Favrot

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 329 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654658 (2 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Noncollinear mixing in GaAs has been used to obtain phase‐matched generation of the far‐infrared difference‐frequency radiation at 100.8 cm−1 with TEA CO2 lasers.

Iron garnet crystals for magneto‐optic light modulators at 1.064 μm

S.H. Wemple, J.F. Dillon, L.G. Van Uitert, and W.H. Grodkiewicz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 331 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654659 (3 pages) | Cited 25 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Faraday rotation and optical absorption measurements are reported for several magnetic iron garnets. The results show that certain compositions containing praseodymium (or possibly neodymium) should allow the operation of magneto‐optic modulators at 1.064 μm, having less than 3 dB of optical loss and requiring less drive power per unit bandwidth than the best available diffraction‐limited electro‐optic modulators.

Waveguide superradiant dye laser

P. Burlamacchi and R. Pratesi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 334 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654660 (2 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The characteristics of a superradiant waveguide dye laser are described. Pumping is performed by commercial flashlamps. The output mode pattern was very stable and insensitive to disturbance produced by the dye flow and thermal effects. No recirculation of dye solution is necessary with cooling of the laser head. The superradiant power output is comparable to that of a conventional cavity laser.

UO2 deposition from its plasma

Katsuhiro Kawabuchi and Saburo Magari

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 336 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654661 (1 page) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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When a UO2 anode (hollow cylinder) was sufficiently heated to evaporate by the electron current from a W cathode, a stabilized plasma occurred between the electrodes without feeding any plasma gases. Crystalline UO2 was deposited on the unheated cathode from the plasma. The mechanism of the deposition may be compared to that of electrodeposition of metals and may be called ``electrolysis of plasma''.

Amorphous metallic films for magneto‐optic applications

P. Chaudhari, J.J. Cuomo, and R.J. Gambino

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 337 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654662 (3 pages) | Cited 172 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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It has been demonstrated that perpendicular uniaxial anisotropy and compensation points in the vicinity of room temperature can be obtained in amorphous thin films of rare‐earth—transition‐metal alloys. The magneto‐optic properties of these films are reported, and it is shown that a remarkably good signal‐to‐noise ratio can be obtained in a thermomagnetically written film.

Hot‐pressed CoCr2S4: a magneto‐optical memory material

R.K. Ahrenkiel and T.J. Coburn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 340 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654663 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Hot‐pressed CoCr2S4 has several properties which may be useful in a digital memory application. Among these are a large Kerr effect, a surface squareness ratio of about unity, and a transition temperature of 221 °K.

Tunable coherent ir source based upon four‐wave parametric conversion in alkali metal vapors

P.P. Sorokin, J.J. Wynne, and J.R. Lankard

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 342 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654664 (3 pages) | Cited 57 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A new type of near‐ir source producing a coherent output with a spectrally narrow (∼ 0.1 cm−1) and continuously tunable frequency is described. It utilizes a four‐wave mixing process in alkali metal vapor with input beams provided by two nitrogen‐laser‐pumped dye lasers. Tunable output has so far been observed in the range 2–5.4 μ.

p‐type conduction in undoped ZnSe

Phil Won Yu and Y.S. Park

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 345 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654665 (2 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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p‐type conduction was observed from undoped ZnSe by heat treatment under a selenium atmosphere. Transport measurements are presented. Both shallow (∼ 0.1 eV) and deep (∼ 0.65–0.75 eV) acceptor levels are observed. It is proposed that a zinc vacancy or a zinc vacancy complex is a dominant mechanism in p‐type conduction of ZnSe.
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Erratum: Defining the ``random'' spectrum as used in the channeling technique of nuclear backscattering

J.P. Ziegler and B.L. Crowder

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 347 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654666 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Erratum: Determination of deep energy levels in Si by MOS techniques

W. Fahrner and A. Goetzberger

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 347 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654667 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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