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1 May 1973

Volume 22, Issue 9, pp. 429-470


Anomalous electro‐optic properties of ferroelectric strontium barium niobate and their device applications

Sadao Sakamoto and Takehito Yazaki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 429 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654700 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A longitudinal electro‐optic memory effect is observed in ferroelectric single‐crystal SrxBa1−xNb2O6 with tetragonal symmetry. The changeable birefringence depends on the remanent polarization of the crystal and can be switched by voltage pulses. These optical characteristics, which seem to be similar to the optical properties observed in ferroelectric Pb3MgNb2O9 with a diffuse phase transition, can be utilized in light‐valve devices which operate in the longitudinal mode without a transverse electric field or strain bias.

Rayleigh wave guidance on LiNbO3

Gerard Coussot

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 432 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654701 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A theoretical approach of Rayleigh wave guidance is presented by using a simple optical analogy. The propagating modes are determined versus the geometry of the nondispersive guidance structure by introducing a critical angle of reflection. Theoretical results are compared to the results of an experimental investigation on YZ LiNbO3 by using optical probing.

Population inversion in blast waves

John H. Lee, T.D. Bui, and R. Knystautas

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 434 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654702 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The present letter demonstrates that significant population inversion can be achieved in the flow structure behind a blast wave if appropriate choice of the initial parameters is made. Typical numerical results are given for a cylindrical blast from a line source in a CO2☒N2☒He medium. The predicted peak population inversion levels are an order of magnitude better when compared with those achieved in the more conventional gas‐dynamic expansion systems using supersonic nozzles.

Energy‐loss measurements of 4He ions in heavy metals

W.K. Chu, J.F. Ziegler, I.V. Mitchell, and W.D. Mackintosh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 437 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654703 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Energy‐loss measurements have been made for 2.0‐MeV 4He ions in 20 targets. The energy‐loss cross sections were determined by analysis of thick‐target backscattering yields. Eight of the targets have been previously measured and support the accuracy of the present measurement. Twelve new heavy‐metal targets are evaluated: Pb, Au, Pt, Ir, W, Ta, Hf, Gd, Te, Sb, Mo, and Ge. By using the Lindhard‐Winther formalism with Hartree‐Fock‐Slater atomic charge distributions, the stopping cross sections for these metals are predicted down to 1.4 MeV.

Singly resonant proustite parametric oscillator tuned from 1.22 to 8.5 μm

D.C. Hanna, B. Luther‐Davies, and R.C. Smith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 440 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654704 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A singly resonant parametric oscillator based on proustite has been operated for the first time. The device was pumped by a Q‐switched neodymium (1.065 μm) laser in a noncollinear phase‐matching geometry. The output has been tuned over the wavelength range 1.22–8.5 μm. The idler power was typically ∼100 W in a bandwidth of ∼1 cm−1.

Two‐photon‐excited stimulated recombination emission in InSb

S.K. Manlief and E.D. Palik

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 443 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654705 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Two‐photon‐excited laser action in n‐type InSb at T = 15 °K has been observed to occur at a threshold pumping intensity of 0.1 MW∕cm2. The peak output power is estimated to be in excess of 20 mW. In a magnetic field, peaks in the laser output power are observed when twice the incident photon energy equals a Landau transition energy.

Properties of a high‐resistivity layer in epitaxially grown gallium arsenide film

H. Okamoto and S. Sakata

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 446 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654706 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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In the high‐resistivity layer of vapor‐phase epitaxial GaAs films grown under the condition of relatively low arsenic vapor pressure, various interesting properties were found, such as (i) a large PTCR (positive temperature coefficient of resistivity), (ii) large photoconductivity, and (iii) current‐controlled negative resistance. A possible explanation is presented.

Heterodyne detection of blackbody radiation

J. Gay, A. Journet, B. Christophe, and M. Robert

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 448 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654707 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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In order to extend to the infrared range some of the interferometric methods utilized in radioastronomy, the heterodyne detection of 10.6‐m blackbody incoherent radiation has been accomplished, and the correlation between detected signals has been studied.

Pulsed HF chemical laser with high electrical efficiency

J.V. Parker and R.R. Stephens

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 450 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654708 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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A pulsed HF chemical laser utilizing the chain reaction between H2 and F2 has been operated with electric discharge initiation. A uniform transverse discharge is made possible through the use of spark preionization. For the mixture 1:1:10:0.06 (F2:H2:He:O2) at 120 Torr total pressure an output energy 1.01 times the electrical input has been achieved. The corresponding chemical efficiency was ∼1.0%. A tradeoff is observed between electrical efficiency and chemical efficiency with the maximum chemical efficiency of 2% being achieved at an electrical efficiency of 25%. Even higher electrical efficiencies are expected with further device optimization.

Heterodyne detection of frequency sweeping in the output of transverse‐excitation CO2 lasers

Joel A. Weiss and Joel M. Schnur

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 453 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654709 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Heterodyne detection is used to measure frequency sweeps in helical TE laser output. The heterodyne signal is analyzed and a model based on pressure‐induced index‐of‐refraction changes is proposed.

Silicon‐on‐sapphire with microsecond carrier lifetimes

D.K. Schroder and P. Rai‐Choudhury

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 455 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654710 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The lifetime in silicon films epitaxially grown on sapphire is usually in the nanosecond range. We have recently succeeded in growing such silicon‐on‐sapphire (SOS) layers with lifetimes of several microseconds. These films were grown at 1025 °C by first forming an n+ film on sapphire followed by a moderately doped n layer. The heavily phosphorus‐doped n+ layer appears to act as an effective getter and is the key to the high lifetime values.

Image forces and the behavior of mobile positive ions in silicon dioxide

R. Williams and M.H. Woods

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 458 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654711 (2 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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The electrostatic image force has important effects on the behavior of ions located near an interface. In metallized thin films of SiO2 on silicon the attractive image potential depletes ions from the bulk and localizes them near the interfaces with metal or silicon. For ions localized near the silicon interface, it is shown that a uniform lateral distribution of ions is inherently unstable and tends to condense into patches of high concentration.

Two‐dimensional distributed‐feedback lasers and their applications

Shyh Wang and Sang Sheem

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 460 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654712 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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We report the operation of two‐dimensional distributed‐feedback (DFB) lasers in which periodic thickness variations exist in two orthogonal directions in the plane of the film. By using photoresist and chemical etching, two‐dimensional gratings with periods of 0.635 and 4.34 μm are formed on fused silica substrates. For the gain medium, a polyurethane film doped with rhodamine 6G is used. Emission characteristics and potential applications of two‐dimensional DFB lasers are discussed.

Integrated optical photodetector

D.B. Ostrowsky, R. Poirier, L.M. Reiber, and C. Deverdun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 463 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654713 (2 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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An optoelectronically integrated photodetector has been realized, consisting of an optical waveguide structure (SiO2‐glass) fabricated on an electrically active substrate (Si) containing a photodetector. Light is coupled into the waveguide structure by means of a grating coupler and is guided into the detector element. A coupling efficiency of 80% between the waveguide and detector structure at 6328 Å has been measured.

Parametric studies on CO2 TEA lasers with extracavity and intracavity electrodes

P.E. Oettinger

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 465 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654714 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Measurements were made of power output from a 1‐m resistance‐limited CO2 TEA laser with changing electrode configuration and spacing, mirror curvature, gas composition and pressure, and applied voltage. A maximum power of 20 MW was emitted from an extracavity plane‐parallel pin‐plate oscillator with a 4‐cm electrode separation. An intracavity concentric electrode system with equal diameter yielded 1.4 MW.

Study of self‐focusing damage in a high‐power Nd: glass‐rod amplifier

J.A. Fleck and C. Layne

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 467 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654715 (3 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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Self‐focusing damage in a pattern of Fresnel fringes is observed in the final element of a high‐power glass laser amplifier as the result of the truncation of a Gaussian input beam. Detailed calculations give good agreement with the location and pattern of damage.
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Erratum: Stimulated emission from PrCl3

K.R. German, A. Kiel, and H. Guggenheim

Appl. Phys. Lett. 22, 470 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654716 (1 page)

Online Publication Date: 16 October 2003

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