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1 Aug 1973

Volume 23, Issue 3, pp. 115-168


Ferroelasticity in isopropyl ammonium chloroplatinate and chlorostannate

L. E. Cross and A. Bhalla

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 115 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654824 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Isopropyl ammonium chloroplatinate (C3H7NH3)2PtCl6 and the corresponding chlorostannate (C3H7NH3)2SnCl6 are demonstrated to be ferroelastic by observation of the stress‐induced motion of (100) and (001) shear domain walls. The ferroelastic transition temperatures are at 37 and 40 °C, respectively, at room pressure and increase approximately linearly with increasing hydrostatic pressure. X‐ray structure analysis and the absence of measurable second‐harmonic generation (SHG) in either higher‐ or lower‐temperature phases suggest that these crystals belong to the Aizu ferroelastic species mmmF2∕m.

cw monolithic acoustic surface wave amplifier incorporated in a Δv∕v waveguide

L. A. Coldren and G. S. Kino

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 117 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654825 (2 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Room‐temperature cw operation is reported for an acoustic surface wave amplifier which uses a 25‐μm‐wide thin film of InSb deposited on LiNbO3. The device also illustrates the use of a thin semiconductor or metal film as a waveguiding structure which exhibits very little dispersion. A cw gain of 23 dB was observed at 340 MHz with a group delay factor (1∕τ)∂τ∕∂f = −8.3 × 10−7 MHz−1.

Linear mode conversion in an inhomogeneous iterative network

B. N. Moore and M. E. Oakes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 119 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654826 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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An LC lattice with nearest‐ and second‐neighbor inductive coupling between the capacitors is described and shown to exhibit linear wave transformation properties when the capacitor values vary iteratively down the lattice structure. Possible applications as a device for selectively delaying, transmitting, or storing pulses of slightly differing frequencies are suggested.

Similarity principles for laser‐induced breakdown in gases

Eli Yablonovitch

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 121 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654827 (2 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The well‐known similarity principles for dc breakdown in gases are extended to the case of laser‐induced breakdown. The wealth of experimental data on kinetic processes in gases may therefore be directly applied to ac breakdown. Without solving the Boltzmann equation, the ionization rate is determined as a function of pressure, frequency, electric field, etc. This has important implications for the maximum possible light intensity in high‐pressure TEA amplifiers.

Electric field enhancement of escape probability on negative‐electron‐affinity surfaces

J. R. Howorth, A. L. Harmer, E. W. L. Trawny, R. Holtom, and C. J. R. Sheppard

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 123 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654828 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Electric field enhancement of photoemission from negative‐electron‐affinity surfaces on silicon and GaAs has been studied. It is shown that the electric field increases the escape probability and does not change the spectral response of negative‐electron‐affinity surfaces. The results are explained by assuming a simple surface potential barrier together with work function lowering by the Schottky effect.

Multiple potential‐well structure created by electron injection in spherical geometry

D. A. Swanson, B. E. Cherrington, and J. T. Verdeyen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 125 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654829 (2 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Electron injection into a highly permeable spherical anode under high‐vacuum conditions has been observed to produce a negative well within the anode. When deuterium gas is introduced into the system, experimental observations strongly suggest that a positive potential region is formed within the negative potential well, which gives rise to a multiple potential well structure within the anode.

New class of intermediate‐gain laser materials: Mixed garnets

L. A. Riseberg, R. M. Brown, and W. C. Holton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 127 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654830 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A new class of intermediate‐gain laser materials for rare‐earth ions, based upon the principle of inhomogeneous broadening of spectral lines in mixed‐compound crystals, is reported. Spectroscopic evidence for Nd in YAl0.6Ga0.4G mixed garnets is presented which shows a cross‐section reduction of 3.3 compared to Nd in YAlG. Other physical properties of the mixed garnets, in particular the thermal conductivity, are not degraded; consequently, the Nd‐doped mixed garnet materials may prove important for increased‐energy∕pulse high‐average‐power Q‐switched laser applications.

V‐I characteristics of pulsed CO2 laser discharges

L. J. Denes and J. J. Lowke

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 130 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654831 (3 pages) | Cited 55 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The voltage‐current dependence is investigated for pulsed self‐sustained uniform‐glow discharges by using commerical‐grade mixtures of CO2, N2, and He at near‐atmospheric pressures. For a given mixture, the discharge is found to stablize at a value of E∕N which is independent of discharge current density, total pressure, and electrode spacing; E is the electric field and N is the number density of the gas. We interpret these observations as evidence that the glow condition is effectively controlled by attachment to CO2 and also to H2O, a gaseous impurity. Calculations of the E∕N characteristic, based on a model which includes recombination and attachment losses, are in agreement with experimental results for all mixtures studied.

Temperature dependence of intrinsic multiphonon absorption in crystals

Bernard Bendow

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 133 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654832 (2 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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It is shown that in predicting the temperature dependence of multiphonon absorption one must take the temperature dependence of the phonon frequencies into account. Inclusion of the latter leads to results in improved agreement with experiment, as compared to those of Hardy and Agrawal.

Influence of a transverse electric field on laser‐induced gas breakdown

J. Tulip and H. Seguin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 135 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654833 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The threshold for laser‐induced breakdown has been found to be influenced by an electric field transverse to the laser focus. In air at a pressure of 20 Torr a field strength of 600 V∕cm was found to completely suppress breakdown. At higher field strengths the electric field was found to induce breakdown rather than suppress it. These effects are explained as being due to charge removal and electron cascade.

Second‐harmonic generation due to a guided wave structure consisting of quartz coated with a glass film

Y. Suematsu, Y. Sasaki, and K. Shibata

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 137 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654834 (2 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Phase‐matched second‐harmonic generation (SHG) was obtained in the visible spectrum by using the nonlinear waveguide. The guide consisted of quartz as the cladding and glass film as the waveguiding section. y‐cut quartz was used for the nonlinear medium. A Q‐switched YAG laser was used as the pumping source. The guided modes of the pump were TE00 and TM00, and that of the second harmonic (SH) was TM02. The phase‐matched thickness 2b of the glass film was 2.55 μm with an allowable tolerance of about 30 Å for an interaction length of 10 mm. The peak output power was 70 mW. The results were in agreement with theory.

Kinetic model of ultraviolet inversions in high‐pressure rare‐gas plasmas

E. V. George and C. K. Rhodes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 139 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654835 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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It is shown theoretically that stimulated vacuum ultraviolet emission at [inverted lazy s] 1700 Å is possible in the afterglow of a suitably prepared ionized xenon plasma. Our model involves the dissociative recombination of Xe2+ as a key step in the kinetic scheme leading to the production of excited Xe2* dimers. It is found that the maximum value of the dimer population occurs for a plasma that is initially [inverted lazy s] 1% ionized with cold gas atoms. Both plasma heating and higher levels of ionization inhibit dimer formation. Excited state‐excited state loss channels are also seen to play an important role in limiting the peak dimer density. Comparison of this theory with recent experimental results involving relativistic electron‐beam‐excited plasmas is good.

Transmission of stationary nonlinear optical pulses in dispersive dielectric fibers. I. Anomalous dispersion

Akira Hasegawa and Frederick Tappert

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 142 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654836 (3 pages) | Cited 749 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Theoretical calculations supported by numerical simulations show that utilization of the nonlinear dependence of the index of refraction on intensity makes possible the transmission of picosecond optical pulses without distortion in dielectric fiber waveguides with group velocity dispersion. In the case of anomalous dispersion (∂2ω∕∂k2>0) discussed here [the case of normal dispersion (∂2ω∕∂k2<0) will be discussed in a succeeding letter], the stationary pulse is a ``bright'' pulse, or envelope soliton. For a typical glass fiber guide, the balancing power required to produce a stationary 1‐ps pulse is approximately 1 W. Numerical simulations show that above a certain threshold power level such pulses are stable under the influence of small perturbations, large perturbations, white noise, or absorption.

Holographic recording in thermoplastic at 1.15 μm

W. S. Colburn, L. M. Ralston, and J. C. Dwyer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 145 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654837 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Holograms have been recorded on an photoconductor‐thermoplastic device at 1.15 μm. Diffraction efficiencies of 1–5% were obtained with exposures of 400–800 mJ∕cm2. Holograms were formed in situ with rapid processing and at spatial frequencies as high as 1000 lines∕mm.

Strain‐induced degradation of GaAs injection lasers

R. L. Hartman and A. R. Hartman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 147 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654838 (3 pages) | Cited 52 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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This letter shows that strain is a controlling factor in the rapid degradation of GaAs double‐heterostructure junction lasers. A birefringence study of these lasers reveals extensive strain fields introduced during the bonding procedure resulting from the different thermal‐expansion coefficients of the materials involved. A new bonding procedure was developed which does not introduce significant strains. Lasers fabricated with the old and new bonding procedures were subjectively categorized as low, moderate, or high strained. A direct correlation was measured between low‐strain and room‐temperature cw laser lifetime. Lasers fabricated with the new bonding procedure have operated cw for as long as 880 h.

Determination of deep‐level energy and density profiles in inhomogeneous semiconductors

G. Goto, S. Yanagisawa, O. Wada, and H. Takanashi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 150 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654839 (2 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A method is proposed for the determination of deep impurity levels and density profiles from C☒V measurements and is demonstrated on GaAs Schottky barrier diodes. The technique involves measurements of the time dependence of the bias voltage instead of the barrier capacitance. The spatial distribution of a deep level is observed to exhibit a peak at the boundary between an epitaxial layer and the semi‐insulating substrate. This deep center is located 0.8 eV below the conduction band.

Direct display of electron back tunneling in MNOS memory capacitors

B. H. Yun

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 152 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654840 (2 pages) | Cited 31 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Direct observation of back tunneling in MNOS requires the direct and continuous display of the charge previously injected into the insulator. A new experimental technique having such a feature is presented. It is characterized by its simultaneous and direct measurements of both the change in charge in the insulator and the corresponding change in the device's flat‐band voltage. Charge loss via back tunneling in devices of different tunnel‐oxide thicknesses is presented.

Optical technique for producing 0.1‐μ periodic surface structures

C. V. Shank and R. V. Schmidt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 154 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654841 (2 pages) | Cited 36 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Surface corrugations with a period of 1108 Å and a depth of [inverted lazy s] 500 Å have been fabricated in glass. These corrugations were first produced in a photoresist film on glass by the optical interference of two 3250‐Å laser beams. The corrugation was transferred to the glass by ion beam etching.

Frequency locking of a cw dye laser near atomic absorption lines in a gas discharge

C. V. Shank and M. B. Klein

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 156 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654842 (2 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Frequency locking of the cw dye laser to atomic absorption lines in helium and sodium gas discharges is reported. The mechanism for locking is attributed to a lens formed by the radial variation of index of refraction in the positive column.

Cryogenically cooled CO☒He TEA laser

L. Champagne

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 158 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654843 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The performance of a transversely excited atmospheric‐pressure TEA CO laser under cryogenic conditions is discussed. With the addition of large amounts of helium as a buffer gas, an output energy of 35 mJ was attained. This energy output represents a considerable increase over that previously reported for a similar system.

Zone plates and field ion microscopy

H. N. Southworth, I. Leifer, and J. M. Walls

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 161 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654844 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Comparisons previously drawn between the image of a field ion plane and a Fresnel zone plate are reexamined. It is shown that such images are more generally described as aberrated binary zone plates, and that the relationship between their focal lengths and the imaging parameters is more complex than previously believed.

A search for laser‐amplified cosmic ray tracks

R. W. Morrison, C. Swail, and L. Dubal

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 164 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654845 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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An attempt was made to detect cosmic ray tracks using a pulsed TEA CO2 laser. Within 4 μsec of the passage of a cosmic ray through a pressurized cell, a laser beam of 4 J∕cm2 energy density at 10.6 μ was fired. Pure argon and argon‐krypton mixtures were studied at pressures up to 12 atm. Spots of light were seen but no tracks. Laser damage to the cell windows was the limiting factor. An alternative detector using an initial high‐voltage pulse followed by a laser pulse is proposed.

Fast‐neutron dosimetry using F centers in MgO

Victor H. Ritz and Frank H. Attix

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 166 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654846 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A fast‐neutron dosimeter is described, the operation of which is based on the detection of F centers produced in MgO by displacement collisions. The F‐center production rate is greatly enhanced by hydrogenous surroundings from which recoil protons are ejected. The absorbed dose is measured by means of the 350 °C exoelectron emission peak. The response is linear from 10 to 600 rad (tissue) and approximately independent of neutron energy from 2 to 15 MeV. The response to fast neutrons divided by the response to γ rays is [inverted lazy s] 0.90 on a tissue‐rad basis.
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