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15 Sep 1973

Volume 23, Issue 6, pp. 287-355

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Screening of metal film defects by current noise measurements

J. L. Vossen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 287 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654891 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Current noise measurements at high current densities have been applied to the detection of constrictions in thin‐film metallization. Potentially open metal films due to scratches, notching, improper step coverage, etc., are easily detected. The noise level, in the absence of such defects, appears to be an indicator of potential electromigration failure. For Al films, the minimum current density to obtain sensitivity is 2 × 106 A∕cm2. For more refractory metals the minimum is higher (e.g., Mo, 1 × 107 A∕cm2).

Transient observations of field‐induced nematic‐cholesteric relaxation

R. A. Kashnow, J. E. Bigelow, H. S. Cole, and C. R. Stein

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 290 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654892 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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We have found that the relaxation process in the electric‐field‐induced cholesteric‐nematic transition depends upon sample boundary conditions. Homeotropic samples exhibit a delay time, followed by nucleation of the decay sequence about isolated surface defects. Transient capacitance measurements and cinemicrophotography of this process are reported for the first time.

Orientation dependence of blister shape in niobium monocrystals implanted with channeled helium ions

M. Kaminsky and S. K. Das

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 293 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654893 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The shape, size, and orientation of blisters formed on the (111), (110), and (001) surface planes of monocrystalline niobium samples irradiated at 900°C with 0.5‐MeV channeled 4He+ ions have been studied. The results indicate a strong dependence of (a) the blister shape and (b) the orientation of the blisters with respect to each other on the crystallographic orientation of the target. Both observations can be related to the intersection of certain active slip planes with the surface plane of the monocrystal during blister formation. This interpretation elucidates our recently reported anomaly in the alignment of the blisters on Nb (111) planes.

Parametric coupling of bulk acoustic waves at surface interdigital transducers

P. J. Vella and G. I. A. Stegeman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 296 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654894 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Acoustic radiation by interdigital transducers on yz LiNbO3 has been studied experimentally in the region of strong longitudinal bulk wave generation. The measured relative intensity of the transducer first and second spatial harmonics and the number and type of acoustic modes generated establish the existence of acoustic generation by parametric periodic coupling.

A practical p‐n junction cold cathode

K. R. Faulkner, R. A. Astridge, J. R. Howorth, and R. K. Surridge

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 298 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654895 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A GaAsP p‐n junction negative‐electron‐affinity cold cathode is described which exhibits adequate stability and life for practical image tube applications. Emission characteristics have been studied in sealed‐off systems to determine stability, angular distribution, and uniformity.

Linewidth parameters from the Lamb dip in a cw HF chemical laser

James A. Glaze

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 300 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654896 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The Lamb dip in the power spectrum of a cw HF chemical laser has been observed. The width and depth of this dip were measured as a function of the partial diluent pressure (He or N2) of the lasing mixture. From these measurements the Lorentzian linewidth parameters γHF☒He and γHF☒N2 for the pressure‐broadened laser transitions were found to be about 4 and 18 MHz∕torr, respectively.

Pumping of high‐pressure CO2 laser media via a fast‐burst reactor and electrical sustainer

D. A. McArthur, G. H. Miller, and P. B. Tollefsrud

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 303 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654897 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The Sandia Pulse Reactor (SPR II) is used to preionize an atmospheric CO2 laser medium with an applied electrical sustainer field. The small‐signal gain and sustainer currents were measured for several mixtures and pressures. Small‐signal gain coefficients approaching 0.04 cm−1 were measured at approximately atmospheric pressures.

Self‐induced transparency with CO2 laser pulses in ammonia gas

C. D. David and W. M. Clark

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 306 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654898 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Self‐induced transparency effects, namely pulse delay and nonlinear transmission, are observed at two CO2 laser line and Stark‐tuned NH3 absorber transition resonances; these are the P(32) CO2 laser line and the asQ(5, 3, 5) NH3 transition with a Stark field of 12.3 kV∕cm at 10.7 μm and the R(6) CO2 laser line and the saQ(5, 5, 5) NH3 tuned with a 14.6‐kV∕cm field at 10.3 μm.

cw single‐line CO laser on the v = 1 → v = 0 band

N. Djeu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 309 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654899 (2 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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cw single‐line laser oscillation has been achieved on the P(9), P(10), and P(11) transitions in the v = 1 → v = 0 band of CO. The observations were made on a conventional electrical discharge slow‐flow device filled with a mixture of He, N2, Xe, and CO.

Continuous pulse train dye laser using an open flowing passive absorber

J. P. Letouzey and S. O. Sari

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 311 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654900 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Operation of a cw Ar+‐pumped rhodamine 6G laser tunable over 900 Å is reported using a thin flowing dye sheet in a new configuration. Passive mode‐locked operation tunable over 400 Å has been obtained using an open flowing sheet of DODCI absorber. Multiple‐pulse propagation in the laser cavity is observed with increasing pump power above threshold.

Electron spin relaxation measurements by optical pumping techniques

B. A. Huberman, D. R. Scifres, and R. D. Burnham

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 314 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654901 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A new method for measuring the spin relaxation time of conduction electrons in semiconductors which requires no external magnetic field is presented. It relies on the photoproduction of spin‐polarized electrons and a measurement of their radiative recombination time by optical pulse techniques. Results on GaAsP at 77°K are presented and applications are discussed.

High‐field transport properties of aluminum‐embedded aluminum oxide films

Hülyâ Birey

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 316 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654902 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Current‐voltage characteristics of aluminum‐embedded aluminum oxide thin films with Al or Au electrodes, between 150–1000 Å in thickness, prepared by thermic evaporation of pure aluminum in partial air pressure are studied. I‐V characteristics of these films showed metallic conductivity, switching, and memory effects different than those observed in amorphous materials, and metal‐oxide‐metal diode characteristics as the amount of metallic aluminum within the oxide is decreased in respective samples. The switching and memory effects are found to be independent of oxide thickness and electrode material.

Rotational relaxation effects in short‐pulse CO2 amplifiers

G. T. Schappert

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 319 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654903 (3 pages) | Cited 30 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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On the basis of a rate equation model, it is shown that the time constant for short‐pulse energy extraction from all rotational levels in a CO2 amplifier on a single P(J) or R(J) transition is larger than the rotational relaxation time by about 1∕κ(J,T), where κ(J,T) is the partition fraction of the transition levels at the temperature T.

Comparison of theory and experiment for nanosecond‐pulse amplification in high‐gain CO2 amplifier systems

E. E. Stark, W. H. Reichelt, G. T. Schappert, and T. F. Stratton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 322 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654904 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Short‐pulse energy extraction measurements have been made on the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory three‐stage amplifier system. The energy extraction from one, two, and all three stages was found to be in excellent agreement with a rate equation theory including rotational relaxation and beam expansion. Amplified pulse energies of up to 20 J in 1.5 nsec were obtained.

Gain in DTTC‐methanol solution as a function of pump power, wavelength, and time

P. G. Gillard, N. D. Foltz, and C. W. Cho

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 325 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654905 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The single‐pass gain of a 4 × 10−5 M∕l solution of 3,3′‐diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide in methanol optically pumped by a giant‐pulse ruby laser was measured as a function of pump power, wavelength, and time. Pump power was varied over a range of 0–7 MW and the wavelength range was 7850–8075 Å. The gain is seen to have strong dependence on the instantaneous pump power. The dependence of gain on pump power is plotted from the experimental data for six wavelengths in the region investigated, and is also discussed theoretically. The spontaneous decay rate from the excited state and the cross section for stimulated emission are also obtained from the theory. The low signal gain coefficient and the gain saturation value are tabulated for each wavelength investigated.

Modes in optical waveguides formed by diffusion

Esther M. Conwell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 328 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654906 (2 pages) | Cited 88 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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For an optical guide with index of refraction having a small exponential variation superimposed on a constant background value, such as is found in guides made by diffusing Se into CdS, the wave equation may be solved exactly. The solutions and characteristic equations for determining the possible TE and TM modes are given and the properties of the modes are discussed.

Current‐voltage characteristics of p‐Ge∕n‐CdS heterojunction diodes

W. Duncan, J. Lamb, K. G. McIntosh, and A. R. Smellie

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 330 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654907 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The current‐voltage characteristics of p‐Ge∕n‐CdS heterojunction diodes have been studied for a wide range of diodes fabricated under different CdS film growth conditions. It has been found that under certain growth conditions the diodes possess two resistance states: Switching from the high‐ to low‐resistance state occurs with a small reverse‐bias voltage, while switching from the low‐ to high‐resistance state occurs with a small forward‐bias voltage. Measurements have been carried out on the junction capacitance, and it has been found that the capacitance increases when the diode is switched to the low‐resistance state and reverts to its initial value when the diode is switched back to the high‐resistance state. It is concluded that the two resistance states of the diode are associated with a junction phenomenon and not with some change in the physical state of the n‐type film. A prerequisite for this behavior would appear to be that the dielectric relaxation time should be greater than the diffusion lifetime.

Gratings for integrated optics fabricated by electron microscope

J. J. Turner, B. Chen, L. Yang, J. M. Ballantyne, and C. L. Tang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 333 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654908 (2 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The use of gratings fabricated by scanning electron microscope exposure of electron resist for applications in integrated optical devices is reported. These gratings have been successfully used to couple light into and out of thin‐film optical waveguides and as masks for ion milling gratings into bulk GaAs. This suggests the possibility of using electronically controlled scanning electron microscopes to form complex miniaturized integrated optical devices with potentials not unlike those of modern integrated‐electronics technology.

Measurement of the 10°0–02°0 relaxation rate in CO2

E. E. Stark

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 335 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654909 (3 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The small‐signal gain on the 9‐ and 10‐μ bands of CO2 is monitored in a portion of an amplifier during and after the passage of a saturating pulse. The 10°0–02°0 relaxation rate is inferred from this experiment, and a resolution of conflicting previous measurements of this and other rates is offered.

Low‐loss fused silica optical waveguide with borosilicate cladding

William G. French, A. David Pearson, G. William Tasker, and John B. MacChesney

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 338 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654910 (2 pages) | Cited 28 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Optical waveguides consisting of a pure fused silica core and borosilicate cladding were produced by using chemical vapor deposition techniques. A typical guide showed an optical attenuation of 7.5 ± 1.5 dB∕km, measured at 0.63 μm (He☒Ne laser). In one of the guides whose loss spectrum was studied, the attenuation was less than 20 dB∕km between 0.55 and 0.86 μm except for the third OH overtone at ∼ 0.72 μm. The lowest loss of this waveguide occurred at 0.80 μm, with other minima at 0.66 and 1.06 μm.

Low‐loss silica core‐borosilicate clad fiber optical waveguide

J. B. MacChesney, R. E. Jaeger, D. A. Pinnow, F. W. Ostermayer, T. C. Rich, and L. G. Van Uitert

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 340 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654911 (2 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A low‐loss fiber optical waveguide has been constructed having a pure fused silica core of 40‐μm diameter and a chemical‐vapor‐deposited cladding layer of borosilicate glass 15–20 μm thick. This core‐clad structure has an outer jacket of fused silica which serves to strengthen and protect the waveguide. Fabrication procedures and evaluation techniques are described. One fiber has been found to have a minimum optical attenuation of 13 dB∕km at a wavelength of 0.7 μm. In the range 0.8–1.1 μm, where optical communications appear most promising, the attenuation varies between 18 and 22 dB∕km with the exception of the OH absorption peak at 0.95 μm.

On the anomalous generation of neutrons in laser plasmas

J. I. Katz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 342 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654912 (2 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A nonthermal beam‐target model is proposed to explain the anomalous generation of neutrons from laser plasmas. The model requires the presence of a multimicrosecond prepulse that generates an extended low‐density gas cloud, and it predicts the effects of the addition of a background gas to the experiments.

uv photoionization density measurements in TEA lasers

H. J. J. Seguin, J. Tulip, and D. McKen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 344 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654913 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Diagnostic measurements on uv photogenerated laser plasmas are presented. Ionization data obtained with an X‐band microwave interferometer show plasma density to be a function of both the gas mix and the irradiation source parameters. Electron density as a function of pressure is given for selected gases and mixtures. At atmospheric pressure the photoplasma density in the standard CO2 laser mix is found to be surprisingly low.

Superconducting thin‐film quantum galvanometer

S. K. Decker and J. E. Mercereau

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 347 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654914 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A refractory metal thin‐film superconducting quantum galvanometer with a sensitivity of nearly 10−9 A has been developed. Design and construction are discussed and a model of finite‐voltage operation of the galvanometer is presented.

A novel parametric negative‐resistance effect in Josephson junctions

H. Kanter

Appl. Phys. Lett. 23, 350 (1973); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1654915 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The negative‐resistance effect recently predicted for current‐controlled highly damped Josephson junctions is experimentally demonstrated at a frequency of 9 GHz. Characteristically, the pump (or Josephson) frequency is smaller than the amplified one, and the pump mechanism is effective over a broad range of frequencies in contrast to the conventional parametric negative‐resistance effect where the pump frequency exceeds that of signal and idler and where the frequency of operation is limited to a narrow range. The broad‐band feature renders operation uncritical to tuning and bias voltage fluctuations. The fact that the junction is the element of lowest impedance in the circuit alleviates to a degree the matching problem generally encountered with Josephson contacts.
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