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15 Jun 1974

Volume 24, Issue 12, pp. 579-637


Electron bombardment of electret foils

M. M. Perlman and S. Unger

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 579 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655061 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A study of electron trapping as a function of (Teflon) sample temperature during irradiation is carried out using the thermally stimulated current technique. Results show that bombardment should take place at elevated sample temperature if one desires a long‐lived stable electret. The effect of sample thickness and of a partial discharge onto the sample after irradiation is also investigated. Both molecular motion and thermal excitation seem to play a role in charge release.

Radiation‐induced thermally activated polarization transfers in CaF2

Ervin B. Podgorsak and P. R. Moran

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 580 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655062 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The strong radiation‐induced thermally activated depolarization (RITAD) effect previously reported in CaF2 can be identified with a corresponding polarization (RITAP) phenomenon. These RITAP and RITAD effects are orders‐of‐magnitude more radiation sensitive than radioelectret phenomena and consist of polarization transfers among electron, hole, and ionic‐charge transport states of the material. Net sample polarization is independent of radiation exposure for exposures smaller than 103 R.

CO2 laser heating of a magnetized plasma column

G. M. Molen, M. Kristiansen, M. O. Hagler, and Roger D. Bengtson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 583 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655063 (4 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A 280‐cm3 volume of a magnetized plasma column has been heated by a 15‐J CO2 TEA laser. The 2‐eV plasma with peak electron densities of 3×1016 cm−3 was axially irradiated by the collimated unfocused laser beam. A measured temperature increase of approximately 0.5 eV was found to be in excellent agreement with classical absorption by inverse bremsstrahlung. A significant increase in heating was observed using a multipass heating scheme.

Stability of optical levitation by radiation pressure

A. Ashkin and J. M. Dziedzic

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 586 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655064 (3 pages) | Cited 50 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Stable optical levitation of transparent hollow dielectric spheres has been demonstrated using TEM01 mode laser beams. The levitation of solid dielectric spheres has been made much more stable using highly convergent TEM00 mode beams. We have discovered the existence of two distinct stable regimes of levitation for solid spheres, one located above the beam focus, the other below it. A particle can be switched back and forth between these regimes. Three separate stable regimes are also possible.

Switching in organic polymer films

H. K. Henisch and W. R. Smith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 589 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655065 (3 pages) | Cited 54 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Memory and threshold switching processes are described, as observed in systems consisting of thin (∼0.5 μ) polymer films (polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene, polyethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate) between inert electrodes (graphite, molybdenum, NESA glass). The memory off‐state is highly linear, in contrast to the corresponding characteristics of multicomponent chalcogenide glasses. Switching speeds are probably similar or, at any rate, ≪10−7 sec.

Conversion of 28‐μ far‐infrared radiation to visible light using bound excitons in CdS

Martin Gundersen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 591 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655066 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A process for the conversion of far‐infrared radiation to visible light in CdS is reported which is sensitive to a band of infrared. Two exciton levels are utilized, the lower of which is pumped by a visible light source. It is not required that the visible or the infrared be resonant between the two levels.

Resonant tunneling in semiconductor double barriers

L. L. Chang, L. Esaki, and R. Tsu

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 593 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655067 (3 pages) | Cited 812 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Resonant tunneling of electrons has been observed in double‐barrier structures having a thin GaAs sandwiched between two GaAlas barriers. The resonance manifests itself as peaks or humps in the tunneling current at voltages near the quasistationary states of the potential well. The structures have been fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy which produces extremely smooth films and interfaces.

Effect of doping on degradation of GaAs☒Alx Ga1−xAs injection lasers

P. G. McMullin, J. Blum, K. K. Shih, A. W. Smith, and G. R. Woolhouse

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 595 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655068 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The influence of the active layer dopant on the degradation of GaAs☒Alx Ga1−xAs double‐heterostructure lasers has been studied using pulsed excitation. Compensated p ‐type dopants give the slowest degradation, while n ‐type dopants give the most rapid. These results can be understood on the basis of arsenic vacancy migration and the formation of arsenic vacancy‐acceptor complexes.

Possibility of a distributed‐feedback x‐ray laser

Robert A. Fisher

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 598 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655069 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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It is suggested that distributed feedback might greatly improve the chances of achieving x‐ray laser action in a crystalline material. We have considered the case where the cavity mirror structure is provided by internal Bragg scattering which is distributed throughout the lasing medium. In addition to providing efficient feedback, higher effective gains can be achieved by eliminating the influence of periodic absorbers which occur in selectively x‐ray‐pumped polyatomic crystals. This is accomplished by establishing a standing wave with its nulls on the periodically spaced absorbers.

Holography with off‐axis reference beam derived from the object beam

S. C. Som and R. A. Lessard

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 600 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655070 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Holograms of two‐ and three‐dimensional objects can be taken without a separate reference beam. Two methods are discussed, the first one for two‐dimensional objects and the other for three‐dimensional ones. Experimental arrangements and image quality are discussed and supporting results are given.

Nd‐glass laser with three‐dimensional optical waveguide

Masatoshi Saruwatari and Tatsuo Izawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 603 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655071 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Room‐temperature laser operation in a three‐dimensional Nd‐glass waveguide is reported. The waveguide was fabricated by a double‐diffusion process with ion migration. A Nd‐glass laser, 4 mm in length, was end‐pumped at 590‐nm wavelength with a pulsed Rhodamine 6G dye laser. The threshold power for the Nd‐glass waveguide laser was about 18 μJ, which was nearly one‐half of that for a conventional Nd‐glass laser without guiding structure. The measured value of the threshold for a waveguide laser agrees with the theoretical calculation.

Optical recording of digital data in PLZT ceramics

F. Micheron, J. M. Rouchon, and M. Vergnolle

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 605 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655072 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Digital data are recorded in nonpolar PLZT ceramics using the photoinduced change of refractive index at wavelength λ=488 nm under applied electric field. This process allows electrical selection and addition of two recorded images and selective optical erasure. It is interpreted in terms of the quadratic electro‐optic effect and local electric field amplitudes in the illuminated regions, computed as sums of the applied field and internal screening fields due to displacements and trapping of photoexcited charge carriers.

High gain at 10.6 μm from an electron‐beam‐controlled pulsed discharge

C. H. H. Carmichael, R. K. Garnsworthy, and L. E. S. Mathias

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 608 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655073 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The production of high gain at a wavelength of 10.6 μm in CO2☒N2 gas mixtures at pressures up to 300 kPa (3 atm) has been demonstrated using brief ionizing pulses from a gas‐discharge electron gun and a low‐inductance circuit to supply energy to the gas mixture. Increased gain, up to 10 m−1, has been achieved with mixtures containing H2.

Two‐step excitation of fluorescence in iodine monochloride vapor

R. H. Barnes, C. E. Moeller, J. F. Kircher, and C. M. Verber

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 610 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655074 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Two‐step sequential excitation of fluorescence was produced in ICl vapor using two synchronized tunable laser sources. The pumping scheme involved the E←A←X electronic transitions with subsequent E→A transitions being observed in fluorescence.

Organic recording medium for volume‐phase holography

Allen Bloom, Robert A. Bartolini, and Daniel L. Ross

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 612 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655075 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A new organic recording medium for volume‐phase holography is described. Holograms can be read out nondestructively at the recording wavelength and power. Self‐erasure may also be obtained. Holographic data and the effect of structure on recording and fixing behavior are described. The recording medium may be used to record multiple holograms.

Pulsed HF chemical laser linewidth measurements using time‐resolved bleachable absorption of HF gas

L. M. Peterson, C. B. Arnold, and G. H. Lindquist

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 615 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655076 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The spectral linewidth at 2.7 μ of a transverse discharge pulsed HF chemical laser has been measured using the saturable absorption of low‐pressure HF gas in an external cell. Using the ν = 0 to ν = 1 P(J) transitions, the laser linewidth was found to be 10−4 cm−1—120 times narrower than the Doppler spectral width. Heterodyne beating between two HF lasers was observed and the pulse‐to‐pulse frequency shift noted.

Negative ion lasers

David E. Golden and Stephan Ormonde

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 618 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655077 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The principle of detailed balance is used to show that at a maximum in an electron excitation cross section, due to a very‐short‐lived negative ion resonance (10−14–10−16 sec), the electron deexcitation cross section can be significantly smaller than the electron excitation cross section. Using experimental estimates of the various necessary parameters, it is suggested that population inversion may be maintained or enhanced in pure gas lasers by electron bombardment at negative ion resonance energies.

Optical detection in thin‐film metal‐oxide‐metal diodes

T. K. Gustafson, R. V. Schmidt, and J. R. Perucca

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 620 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655078 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Planar metal‐oxide‐metal diodes having cross‐sectional areas as small as 10−8 cm2 have detected optical radiation. Several possible detection mechanisms, including optical rectification, are discussed.

Lithium niobate ridge waveguide modulator

I. P. Kaminow, V. Ramaswamy, R. V. Schmidt, and E. H. Turner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 622 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655079 (3 pages) | Cited 33 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A narrow ridge was ion‐beam etched on an outdiffused LiNbO3 crystal to form a single‐mode waveguide confining the beam in both transverse dimensions. Electrodes were evaporated along the ridge to produce a very efficient electro‐optic phase modulator requiring a power of 20 μ W∕MHz of bandwidth and a voltage of 1.2 V to produce a modulation index of 1 rad.

Application of holographic interferometry to shock waves in solids

F. C. Perry and L. P. Mix

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 624 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655080 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Double‐pulse holographic interferometry has been used to determine the rear‐surface displacement of a target exposed to a pulsed electron beam. The technique has been applied to the study of shock‐wave propagation in a complex heterogeneous material—three‐dimensional quartz phenolic. The results suggest a multiple‐wave character for shock propagation in this material.

Ion‐implanted GaAs injection laser

M. K. Barnoski, R. G. Hunsperger, and A. Lee

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 627 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655081 (2 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Ion implantation has been used as a doping technique to fabricate an injection laser in GaAs. The dopant atom is Zn. At 77 °K the threshold current density is 2×103 A∕cm2.

cw dye laser emission spanning the visible spectrum

J. M. Yarborough

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 629 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655082 (2 pages) | Cited 27 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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cw dye laser emission over the entire spectral range from 4150 to 7900 Å has been achieved in a single dye laser. Experimental results using eighteen dyes, including several for which cw operation has not been previously reported, are presented.

An experimental study of the linear growth region of ultrashort‐pulse generation in a mode‐locked Nd : glass laser

C. L. Sam

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 631 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655083 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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An experiment is performed to measure τ1, the duration of the linear growth stage of ultrashort‐pulse (USP) generation, in a mode‐locked Nd : glass laser. A linear relationship between USP pulsewidth and τ1 is derived and borne out experimentally. From the linear gradient τ1 is estimated to be about 100 μsec. Some precursor spikes are observed in most shots and might account for the long τ1.

Epitaxial PbSe Schottky‐barrier diodes for infrared detection

D. K. Hohnke and H. Holloway

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 633 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655084 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The photovoltaic properties and infrared response of epitaxial PbSe Schottky‐barrier diodes are reported. The temperature dependence of the zero‐bias resistance suggests that generation∕recombination is the dominant transport mechanism. At 77 °K the devices are limited by the 290 °K background at f∕0.6. With further reduction of the background they attain Johnson‐noise‐limited peak detectivities of 5×1011 cm Hz1∕2 W−1. The diode quantum efficiencies are reflection loss limited and reach 70%.

Calculations of apparent conductivity for an anisotropic medium: (TTF) (TCNQ)

R. J. Warmack, T. A. Callcott, and H. C. Schweinler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 635 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655085 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Calculations are presented for determining the potential at an arbitrary point in an anisotropic two‐dimensional rectangular conductor for arbitrary placement of current source and sink. Using values of experimentally determined conductivities of (TTF) (TCNQ), apparent longitudinal conductivities are calculated to try to explain the anomalously high conductivity peak reported for a few samples of (TTF) (TCNQ). We conclude that the temperature dependence of these high conductivity peaks cannot be produced by probe misplacement using ordinary samples.
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