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1 Feb 1974

Volume 24, Issue 3, pp. 105-151


Stoichiometry of thin silicon oxide layers on silicon

T. W. Sigmon, W. K. Chu, E. Lugujjo, and J. W. Mayer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 105 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655112 (3 pages) | Cited 53 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The composition of anodically and thermally grown silicon oxide layers was determined by backscattering and channeling measurements with 2.0‐MeV 4He+ ions. The oxide thickness was determined by ellipsometry and, for anodic films, the silicon removal rate was also determined by layer removal measurements. The surface layer consists of stoichiometric silicon dioxide plus a silicon‐rich transition layer between the substrate and the silicon dioxide. The number of silicon atoms in this layer was found to be 6 × 1015 atoms∕cm2 (about three atomic layers).

Optoacoustic properties of thallium phosphorous selenide, Tl3PSe4

T. J. Isaacs, M. Gottlieb, and J. D. Feichtner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 107 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655113 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A new material, Tl3PSe4, has been grown as a single crystal and studied for its optical and optoacoustic properties. It is transparent over the range 0.85–17 μm and has an optoacoustic figure of merit (relative to fused silica) of 1370 (at 1.15 μm). The slow shear wave acoustic velocity is 5.1×104 cm∕sec, the lowest recorded in the literature for a solid or a liquid. The low velocity and high refractive index (n ≈ 3) lead to the high figure of merit.

Fabrication of submicron LiNbO3 transducers for microwave acoustic (bulk) delay lines

H. C. Huang, J. D. Knox, Z. Turski, R. Wargo, and J. J. Hanak

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 109 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655114 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The technology for fabrication of submicron bulk platelet transducers has been developed. Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) transducers with thicknesses as low as 0.25 μm have been achieved. This technology employs a novel bonding technique, the room‐temperature vacuum bond, and a carefully controlled process of ion‐beam milling. Bulk wave acoustic delay lines consisting of LiNbO3 transducers on spinel (MgAl2O4) substrate have yielded very wide‐band and low‐loss operation in S‐, C‐, and X‐band frequencies.

Energy transport efficiency of an intense relativistic electron beam through a cusped magnetic field

C. A. Kapetanakos

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 112 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655115 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A 500‐keV 40‐kA 50‐nsec‐duration relativistic electron beam is propagated through a cusped magnetic field. Conditions are reported which allow more than 85% of the beam energy to pass through the cusp.

Liquid crystal Lichtenberg figure

Mototaka Sone, Kazuhisa Toriyama, and Yotso Toriyama

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 115 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655116 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A new method for delineation of surface discharge figures on insulating surfaces is described. Cholesteric liquid crystal thin films on insulating surfaces finely delineate structures of residual charges of surface discharges on them. The method has high resolving power (∼ 1 μm) in the delineation of the surface discharges.

Observation of hydrodynamic effects on thermal blooming

R. W. O'Neil, H. Kleiman, and J. E. Lowder

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 118 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655117 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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We have observed thermal blooming of focused 10.6‐μ laser radiation in the transient regime where the index changes are dominated by the hydrodynamic response of the medium. In this regime (where the time is less than one‐half of the hydrodynamic time in the focal plane) it is seen that the approximation wherein the refractive index is proportional to t3 gives an adequate agreement with the experimental observations.

Compact 1.1‐W sealed‐off waveguide CO laser

Charles K. Asawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 121 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655118 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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cw output of 1.1 W was attained from a compact (14‐cm discharge length, 2‐mm bore diameter tube) sealed‐off CO waveguide laser operating in the HE11 mode. The BeO laser tube, cooled to 210 °K, was operated at the 1‐W level for more than 4 h without output degradation and with a 5.7% efficiency. A mixture of CO:He:Xe:N2 in the ratio of 1:8:1:1, at a total pressure of 80 Torr, was found to be optimum, confirming the scaling or similarity rule of the product of optimum pressure and tube diameter for CO at this temperature. The output spectrum consisted of about 10 lines, between 5.20 and 5.65 μ. Laser operation without N2 (1:8:1:0) was also observed. Black particles found in the tube were x‐ray identified as Ni plus NiO, indicating sputtering from the Ni cathode.

Resonance reflector for suppressing undesired rotational lines from TEA CO2 lasers

H. Röhr and L. Kellerer

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 124 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655119 (2 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A resonant reflector made of germanium is reported which allows selection of one single rotational line out of a TEA CO2 laser. The reflector has to be temperature stabilized within ± 0.1 °C. Selection of one, two or three rotational lines simultaneously is possible by varying the temperature.

Use of Schottky‐diode collectors for SEM determination of bulk diffusion lengths

C. van Opdorp, R. C. Peters, and M. Klerk

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 125 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655120 (2 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Schottky diodes were used as collectors in the determination of bulk hole diffusion lengths (Lhn) by means of a scanning electron microscope in the beam‐induced current mode. The scans were performed on cross sections obtained by cleavage along a plane perpendicular to the metal layer. For n‐type GaP this technique yields excellent results.

6190‐Å emission at 77 K of Ga1−xAlxAs double heterostructure lasers

Kunio Itoh

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 127 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655121 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The Ga1−xAlxAs laser diodes which emit a wavelength of 6190 Å at 77 K with threshold current densities as low as 300 A∕cm2 were fabricated using a double heterostructure with lightly doped active regions. This lasing wavelength is the shortest ever attained in Ga1−xAlxAs lasers for such a low threshold current density. The maximum external quantum efficiency of these diodes was found to be about 35% at 77 K. The extensive studies made of the properties of these visible‐light‐emitting lasers, especially of the spectral distributions, are described in full detail.

Volume holographic recording and storage in Fe‐doped LiNbO3 using optical pulses

Pradeep Shah, T. A. Rabson, F. K. Tittel, and T. K. Gaylord

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 130 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655122 (2 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Volume holographic recording and storage in Fe‐doped LiNbO3 using single 30–75‐nsec duration optical pulses at 694.3 and 531 nm from Q‐switched ruby and frequency‐doubled Nd:glass lasers, respectively, is reported. The recording sensitivity for a pulsed writing source is found to be better than that estimated for a cw source. A sensitivity of 2 mJ∕cm2 at 476 nm and 2.5 mJ∕cm2 at 488 nm to record a hologram of 1% diffraction efficiency is the best sensitivity figure yet reported. The orders of magnitude of improvement in sensitivity is attributed to higher fractional concentration of Fe2+.

Experimental verification of density inhomogeneity due to lasing in a gas‐dynamic laser

A. E. Fuhs, O. Biblarz, J. K. Cawthra, and J. L. Campbell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 132 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655123 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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As a consequence of lasing, heat, in an amount related to the quantum efficiency, is released in a gas‐dynamic laser (GDL) causing density perturbations, Calculations were made to predict the density contours throughout the laser cavity. Subsequent to the calculations, density changes due to lasing were measured using a Mach‐Zehnder interferometer. The predicted and observed density variations were in good agreement.

Real‐time synchronously pulsed ir image up‐conversion

D. Y. Tseng

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 134 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655124 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Real‐time ir image up‐conversion has been achieved using a synchronously pulsed mode of operation for both the pump and ir sources. Operating at 133 pulses∕sec, the up‐converted images were readily viewed on an ordinary S‐1 surface image intensifier tube. Optimization and adjustments of image quality were accomplished easily in real time.

PbTe rf‐sputtered infrared detectors

Carlo Corsi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 137 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655125 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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High‐quality infrared detectors have been made by rf oxygen reactive sputtering of PbTe films. At an operating temperature of 90 °K, these devices are close to the 300 °K background‐noise‐limited photoconductive detection. Peak responsivities higher than 106 V∕W and peak detectivities Dλ* of 8.5 × 1010 cm Hz1∕2∕W have been obtained with a field of view of 2π steradians.

Experimental determination of highly concentration‐sensitive effects of intervalley electron‐electron scattering on electric‐field‐dependent repopulation in n‐Si at 77 K

James G. Nash and James W. Holm‐Kennedy

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 139 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655126 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Measurements have been made of current density versus electric field on < 111 > and < 100 > oriented samples of n‐Si at 77 K with resistivities ranging from 0.050 to 200 Ω cm. These have been analyzed to yield the concentration and field dependence of repopulation resulting from a < 100 > application of electric field. The magnitude of the repopulation has been found to be extremely sensitive to the free‐carrier concentration. This sensitivity is attributed to the energy exchange effects of intervalley electron‐electron scattering. The repopulation provides a new and highly selective experimental parameter for use in the study of electron‐electron scattering in semiconductors.

Single‐mode cw dye laser with large frequency range tunability

S. Liberman and J. Pinard

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 142 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655127 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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We describe in this letter a cw single‐mode dye laser whose mode frequency can be tuned continuously over a relatively wide range of typically 10 GHz.

Investigation of a superconducting niobium X‐band deflecting cavity

J. R. Aggus, W. Bauer, S. Giordano, H. Hahn, and H. J. Halama

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 144 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655128 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A 8.665‐GHz deflecting cavity, machined from solid niobium, electron beam welded, chemically polished, anodized and heat treated, yielded a peak magnetic field of 740 G corresponding to a peak electric field of 25 MV∕m and a deflecting field of 6.9 MV∕m. The maximum Q value was 4.5 × 109. Based on these results, design parameters and suggestions for the fabrication of an X‐band rf beam separator are given.

Model for the first‐order phase transition in MnBi

W. Streifer and B. A. Huberman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 147 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655129 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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We present a thermodynamic model which describes the first‐order phase transition observed in the magneto‐optic material MnBi. The variables in the model are the magnetization and the percentage of interstitial Mn atoms. Parameters include the ionic spin state, interstitial activation energy, and exchange energy. Numerical results, which show good agreement with experimental data, are presented.

Microwave impedance of a thin‐film superconducting ring containing a Notarys proximity effect weak link

F. J. Rachford, C. Y. Huang, S. Wolf, and M. Nisenoff

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 149 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655130 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The properties of thin tin film superconducting rings containing a proximity effect weak link have been measured at 9.2 GHz. The impedance exhibits steps which at low order are uniformly spaced and are not hysteretic. The magnitude of the field‐modulated component of the power reflected from the cavity resonant at 9.2 GHz is approximately 102 times larger than the signal obtained at 30 MHz and has a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 104 in a 10 cycle bandpass. Higher‐order steps exhibit unexpected features which might be due to the fact that the time between flux entry is comparable to the quasiparticle relaxation time.
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