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15 Feb 1974

Volume 24, Issue 4, pp. 153-208


Attenuation of c propagating acoustic waves in CdS: Grüneisen parameter calculations

John H. Wasilik and Fred S. Hickernell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 153 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655131 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The room‐temperature attenuation for longitudinal acoustic waves propagating in the c direction in high‐purity CdS has been measured from 0.1 to 0.6 GHz. At 0.5 GHz the attenuation is 46 dB∕cm (tanδ=0.0015). From the observed attenuation corrected for phonon‐electron contributions and a lattice loss theory of Woodruff and Ehrenreich, a Grüneisen parameter of ± 1.51 is calculated. An alternate method of calculating the Grüneisen parameter by using the pressure dependence of the elastic constants gives a Grüneisen parameter of ‐1.37.

rf‐sputtered aluminum nitride films on sapphire

A. J. Shuskus, T. M. Reeder, and E. L. Paradis

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 155 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655132 (2 pages) | Cited 47 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Single‐crystal films of aluminum nitride were fabricated on (0001)‐ and (0112)‐oriented sapphire substrates by reactive rf sputtering an aluminum target in ammonia gas. Films sputtered on either sapphire orientation were clear, smooth, and piezoelectric. Effective surface acoustic wave piezoelectric coupling constants as large as k2 = 0.2% were found for films sputtered on (0001)‐oriented sapphire.

Circular stacking faults in silicon

W. K. Tice and T. C. Huang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 157 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655133 (2 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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An electron microscopic diffraction study for circular stacking faults in silicon has been carried out. For the first time it has been possible to make direct correlation between the faults and subsurface precipitates, and to confirm that circular fault growth involves climb of a Frank dislocation from a precipitate site.

Acousto‐optic deflection in Ta2O5 waveguides

Douglas A. Wille and Michael C. Hamilton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 159 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655134 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Surface acoustic waves on quartz have been used for acousto‐optic deflection in Ta2O5 waveguides. Deflection efficiencies for TM modes of up to 93% have been observed with an acoustic power of 175 mW.

dc effects in elastic surface waves

Yasuhiko Nakagawa, Kazuhiko Yamanouchi, and Kimio Shibayama

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 160 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655135 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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We report the observation of dc effects in elastic surface waves on 131° rotated Y‐cut X‐propagating LiNbO3. A simple model to account for these effects is suggested.

Acoustic microscope—scanning version

R. A. Lemons and C. F. Quate

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 163 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655136 (3 pages) | Cited 94 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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This letter reports the development of a mechanically scanned acoustic microscope showing 10‐μm resolution. Using single‐surface lenses an acoustic beam is focused with negligible spherical aberration in a water cell. The image is formed by mechanically scanning an object through this focused beam in a raster pattern. Transmitted power is detected with a piezoelectric transducer, and this signal modulates the synchronized raster of a CRT display. By employing piezoelectric detection, sensitivities of 10−8 W∕cm2 are obtained, yielding images of excellent clarity and contrast.

Bulk wave generation by surface interdigital transducers operating near resonance

P. J. Vella, W. S. Goruk, and G. I. Stegeman

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 165 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655137 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The fraction of electrical power converted into spurious bulk waves at a surface interdigital transducer operating on and near surface wave resonance was measured. Bulk wave generation on y‐z lithium niobate was found to be strong below, at, and above resonance and to increase with decreasing number of finger pairs.

Schottky‐barrier solar‐cell calculations

D. L. Pulfrey and R. F. McOuat

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 167 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655138 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Calculations are presented which indicate that the maximum theoretical solar conversion efficiency of Schottky‐barrier solar cells is very similar to that of conventional homojunction solar cells, e.g. values of 22–24% apply to Si, and ∼ 25% to semiconductors having a band gap between 1.4 and 1.6 eV.

Effect of refraction on spot‐size dependence of laser‐induced breakdown

M. D. Feit and J. A. Fleck

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 169 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655139 (4 pages) | Cited 29 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Detailed calculations have been performed to show the importance of refractive effects on laser‐induced breakdown in gases. The refraction, which results from gradients in the density of plasma electrons, can cause a loss of energy from the beam and an apparent dependence of breakdown threshold on beam or focal spot size.

Effect of inelastic energy loss on CO2 laser breakdown of gases

M. P. Hacker, D. R. Cohn, and R. L. Brooks

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 173 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655140 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The pressure dependence of the threshold energy for CO2 laser gas breakdown in helium and nitrogen has been measured in the pressure range 40–70 Torr. The striking difference in the pressure dependence for the two gases is a clear manifestation of the effect of inelastic energy losses upon the avalanche breakdown process. This difference can be predicted by simple physical arguments or by scaling results from dc gas breakdown experiments to CO2 frequency.

Focal‐length dependence of air breakdown by a 20‐psec laser pulse

C. L. M. Ireland, A. Yi, J. M. Aaron, and C. Grey Morgan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 175 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655141 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The focal‐length f and beam‐diameter D dependence of threshold power for air breakdown has been investigated using focused ∼20‐psec 1.06‐μ laser pulses. Primary spherical aberration is shown to be very important in determining the threshold power when D∕f is large. Diffusion‐type losses and self‐focusing played no part in the breakdown mechanism in the present work.

Relationship of self‐focusing to spatial instability modes

A. J. Campillo, S. L. Shapiro, and B. R. Suydam

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 178 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655142 (3 pages) | Cited 49 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The spatial distribution of focal spots formed when laser beams self‐focus in materials is shown to originate from the growth of certain instability modes. These modes are determined by a simple mathematical relationship derived from instability theory, which has been verified experimentally. Because of these instabilities, the threshold power for self‐focusing is inversely proportional to the self‐focusing length for high‐power laser beams.

Measurement of 9.6‐μ CO2 laser transition probability and optical broadening cross section

Edward R. Murray, Charles Kruger, and Morton Mitchner

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 180 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655143 (2 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Measurements of the 9.6‐ and 10.6‐μ CO2 laser transition probabilities and optical cross sections have been made by using a tuneable CO2 laser and room‐temperature absorption cell. In order to increase the accuracy of the resulting constants, two measurements, one in the combined Doppler‐and pressure‐broadened regime and one in the pure pressure‐broadened regime, provided data for the simultaneous solution of the transition rate and cross section. The 10.6‐μ results are in general agreement with previous studies and knowledge of the 9.6‐μ values permits performance predictions and quantitative use of gain data in this laser band.

Optical transfer 42‐atm N2O laser

T. Y. Chang and O. R. Wood

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 182 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655144 (2 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A powerful excitation technique for mixtures of molecular gases using a combination of optical pumping and resonant energy transfer is described. By using an N2O☒CO2 mixture as an example, laser action in N2O at 10.5 and 10.8 μm has been achieved at total pressures up to 42 atm.

Carrier lifetimes in epitaxial InAs

V. L. Dalal, W. A. Hicinbothem, and H. Kressel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 184 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655145 (2 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A comparison has been made of the minority‐carrier lifetime (77–300 K) in relatively pure InAs prepared by liquid phase epitaxy, vapor phase epitaxy, and from the melt. The data suggest that the lifetime is controlled by Auger recombination in the material prepared by liquid phase epitaxy. This is not the case for the other materials.

Trace‐element detection method based on coherent scattering of radiation

D. A. Church and T. Hadeishi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 185 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655146 (3 pages) | Cited 44 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The detection and measurement of trace quantities of mercury in air by a magneto‐optic coherent forward‐scattering technique is described. The method is characterized by high sensitivity and selectivity, and is applicable to a broad class of elements.

Intrinsic fluctuations in the output intensity of double‐heterostructure junction lasers operating continuously at 300°K

Thomas L. Paoli

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 187 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655147 (4 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Measurements of the intrinsic noise fluctuations in the light intensity from a stripe‐geometry double‐heterostructure junction laser operating continuously at room temperature are reported. The frequency spectrum of the fluctuations has been measured from 10 MHz to 4 GHz for currents both above and below threshold. The above‐threshold noise spectra show the resonant peak due to excitation of the spiking resonance by the quantum shot noise intrinsic to the lasing process. Near threshold the frequency of this resonance varies between 200 and 1000 MHz as a function of laser current. In addition, as the pumping current is increased above threshold, the low‐frequency (< 100 MHz) noise shows the pronounced reduction expected of an amplitude‐stabilized oscillator. However, over the same range of currents, the high‐frequency (> 2 GHz) noise continues to increase in apparent contradiction with theoretical predictions.

Self‐phase modulation of picosecond pulses in optical fibers

E. P. Ippen, C. V. Shank, and T. K. Gustafson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 190 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655148 (3 pages) | Cited 26 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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See Also: Erratum

Show Abstract
Low‐intensity picosecond optical pulses from a mode‐locked cw dye laser have been observed to be self‐phase modulated upon propagation through a CS2‐filled glass fiber. This self‐phase modulation occurs in the absence of self‐focusing and has several interesting consequences with respect to pulse shaping and ultrashort‐pulse propagation.

Efficient electroluminescence from InP diodes grown by LPE from Sn solutions

J. L. Shay, K. J. Bachmann, and E. Buehler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 192 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655149 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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We report the observation of efficient room‐temperature electroluminescence from InP p‐n junctions at wavelengths near the 1.05‐μ window of low‐loss glass fibers. External efficiencies of 1% and peak wavelengths variable between 0.98 and 1.10 μ have been obtained.

Grating filters for thin‐film optical waveguides

D. C. Flanders, H. Kogelnik, R. V. Schmidt, and C. V. Shank

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 194 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655150 (3 pages) | Cited 72 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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The fabrication and evaluation of corrugation grating filters with reflectivities better than 75% and bandwidths less that 2 Å is reported. Grating filters were fabricated on glass waveguides using standard interferometric and ion‐beam machining techniques and evaluated with a tunable dye laser. Measured and calculated filter responses are found to be in excellent agreement. Tolerances for realizing ideal filter performances are given.

Simultaneous exposure and development technique for making gratings on positive photoresist

Won‐Tien Tsang and Shyh Wang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 196 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655151 (4 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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A simultaneous exposure and development technique for forming diffraction gratings and recording holograms in positive photoresist is described. This technique not only reduces the exposure time significantly, but is also able to produce gratings with deep grooves and sharp ridges. With the photoresist placed in a liquid‐filled prismlike container, the smallest period obtainable by this method is reduced by a factor equal to the index of refraction of the liquid.

Auger and ellipsometric study of phosphorus segregation in oxidized degenerate silicon

N. J. Chou, Y. J. van der Meulen, R. Hammer, and J. Cahill

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 200 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655152 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Phosphorus redistribution during thermal oxidation of degenerately doped silicon was investigated using Auger electron spectroscopy and ellipsometry. Concentration profiles were determined with a combination of chemical and sputter etching techniques. A substantial phosphorus pileup was observed in the oxide in a thin layer near the ellipsometrically determined Si☒SiO2 interface. Calibrated against standards of known concentration, this layer was found to contain ∼2×1021 phosphorus atoms∕cm3, independent of the oxidation temperature between 850 and 1000 °C.

cw HF chemical laser from the reaction of F atoms with C3H8 and C4H10

J. F. Hon and J. R. Novak

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 202 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655153 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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cw laser emission has been obtained from vibrationally excited HF produced by the reaction of F with C3H8 and C4H10. F atoms are obtained by combusting F2 and D2, diluted with He, with F2 in excess. The combustor products are mixed with C3H8 or C4H10 using parallel flow (pressure matched) produced by supersonic nozzles for both the F, F2, DF, and He combustor product mixture and C3H8 and C4H10.

Measurement of CO2‐laser‐generated impulse and pressure

J. E. Lowder and L. C. Pettingill

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 204 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655154 (4 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Measurements of impulse transferred to large metallic targets in air produced with a variable‐pulse‐length high‐power 10.6‐μm laser beam are presented. Peak focal spot pressure measurements in Plexiglas are also presented which show that the peak pressure increases approximately as the 3∕2 power of the peak power density and that at a fixed power density higher peak pressures are obtained by increasing the focal spot size.

Holographic coupler for integrated optics

E. A. Ash, E. Seaford, O. Soares, and K. S. Pennington

Appl. Phys. Lett. 24, 207 (1974); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1655155 (2 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 9 October 2003

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Coupling optical energy into an integrated optical circuit is essentially a problem of mode conversion from a Gaussian laser beam to the specific mode of waveguide excitation desired. This paper describes preliminary experimental results obtained with couplers in which mode conversion is performed by holographic wave‐shaping techniques.
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