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1 May 1975

Volume 26, Issue 9, pp. 489-545


Liquid‐phase‐epitaxial growth of single‐crystal LiNbO3 thin film

Susumu Kondo, Shintaro Miyazawa, Shoichi Fushimi, and Kiyomasa Sugii

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 489 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88229 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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The phase equilibrium of the LiVO3‐LiNbO3 pseudobinary system has been investigated, and a LiNbO3 single‐crystal thin film has been grown epitaxially onto the substrate by dipping a c‐plate LiTaO3 substrate into a LiVO3 flux solution. An x‐ray rocking curve indicated that the film had a high single crystallinity with good epitaxy. The composition ratio Li/Nb of the film was estimated to be close to the stoichiometric value Li/Nb≈1.0.
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68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology

Propagation of ultrasonic surface waves through molecular films

M. C. Jain and M. H. Jericho

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 491 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88230 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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The propagation characteristics of 75‐MHz ultrasonic waves through molecular films of arachidic acid have been investigated. On thermal cycling through the melting temperature the ordered films break up into islands of disordered arachidic acid. With the help of an ultrasonic pulse‐difference technique we could detect changes in the transmitted signal when arachidic acid islands as thin as 500 Å changed from the solid to the liquid state. It is suggested that similar experiments at higher frequencies could be of value in the investigation of phase changes and general structural properties of biological membranes.
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82.39.Wj Ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electro-osmosis, membrane processes
64.70.D- Solid-liquid transitions
62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations
43.35.-c Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound

Surface stress and the normal mode of vibration of thin crystals :GaAs

J. Lagowski, H. C. Gatos, and E. S. Sproles

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 493 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88231 (3 pages) | Cited 44 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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The normal mode of vibration of (111) GaAs wafers with a thickness below about 15 μm was found to depend strongly on the surface preparation and on the ambient atmosphere. This dependence was attributed to effects directly related to the surface stress σs. It was shown that σs can be evaluated from the natural frequency of vibration. The values of σs, in the 〈110〉 direction, for etched and unetched (111) GaAs wafers in room atmosphere were found to be 325 and 570 dyn/cm, respectively. It was further demonstrated that surface stress transients due to the adsorption processes (adsorption transients) can be determined by corresponding changes in the natural frequency of vibration.
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68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
63.20.D- Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion

Plasma‐solid interaction in a theta pinch

W. C. Nunnally, M. Kristiansen, and M. O. Hagler

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 496 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88232 (4 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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The interaction of a dense high‐temperature theta pinch plasma with 0.2‐mm‐diam spherical polystyrene pellets is reported. The pellets are not displaced by the plasma sheath implosion. They are not completely vaporized and the vaporized material is not ionized after many half‐cycles of theta pinch action. The vaporized material remains neutral in the midst of the hot plasma for the duration of the experiment. The cloud ionization is increased by focusing a 1‐J Q‐switched ruby laser on the cloud after the initial plasma vaporization.
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52.40.Hf Plasma-material interactions; boundary layer effects
28.52.-s Fusion reactors

Atomic‐displacement mechanism in ion‐bombarded semiconductors and insulators

G. Dearnaley

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 499 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88233 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A two‐stage process of atomic displacement involving both elastic and inelastic energy transfer is presented, in order to account for the number and distribution of primary defects in ion‐bombarded semiconductors and insulators. Some experimental tests are proposed.
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61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
61.80.Lj Atom and molecule irradiation effects

Instant recording of the duration of a single mode‐locked Nd:YAG laser pulse

L. A. Lompre, G. Mainfray, and J. Thebault

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 501 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88234 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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An electro‐optic streak camera incorporating a storage memory video system has been developed and used to instantly visualize and record the shape of a 1.06‐μ‐wavelength pulse generated by a mode‐locked Nd:YAG laser. The duration of a single laser pulse (∼30 psec) has been directly measured with and without laser amplification.
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07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments; xerography
42.30.-d Imaging and optical processing
42.79.Vb Optical storage systems, optical disks
42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation

High‐efficiency multiply pulsed copper vapor laser utilizing copper chloride as a lasant

Che J. Chen and Gary R. Russell

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 504 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88235 (2 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A copper vapor laser operating at a wavelength of 5106 Å and a pulse repetition rate up to 30 000 pulses/sec has been constructed and investigated. The best results obtained to date are as follows: energy and power density of 35 μJ cm−3 and 1.7 kW cm−3; pulsewidth 20 nsec; average density 0.7 W cm−3; laser efficiency 1%.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
78.60.Ps Chemiluminescence

Two‐photon stimulated emission and pulse amplification

Horace P. Yuen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 505 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88236 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Threshold conditions are given for the sustained operation of standing‐wave and long‐pulse traveling‐wave two‐photon lasers. Pulse shortening in long‐pulse two‐photon amplification, a behavior absent in the one‐photon case, is also demonstrated analytically.
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42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
78.45.+h Stimulated emission

Transverse self‐sustained discharge CO2 laser

David B. Cohn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 508 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88237 (2 pages)

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A scalable transverse self‐sustained discharge maintained between an array of flow‐stabilized cathodes and a common anode has demonstrated specific input powers of 800 W/g/sec and power densities of 100 W/cm3 per cathode for CO2‐N2‐He mixtures at pressures of 50–70 Torr. Optical extraction at 15% efficiency has been obtained under nonoptimized conditions in a geometry with the parallel fluid flow and discharge electric field perpendicular to the optical axis.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Extension of absolute frequency measurements to 148 THz: Frequencies of the 2.0‐ and 3.5‐μm Xe laser

D. A. Jennings, F. R. Petersen, and K. M. Evenson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 510 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88238 (2 pages) | Cited 23 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Absolute infrared frequency measurement has been extended to 148 THz (the highest frequency ever directly measured) with measurement of the two strong cw laser lines of Xe. The frequencies were synthesized with stabilized CO2 and 3.39‐μm He‐Ne lasers and mixed on a W‐Ni point‐contact diode. The measured frequencies are νXe(2.0μm)=147.915 850(15) THz and νXe(3.5μm)=85.459 997(3) THz.
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42.72.-g Optical sources and standards
06.20.F- Units and standards
06.30.Ft Time and frequency

Observations of small‐signal gain in high‐pressure pulsed CO electric discharge laser

M. J. W. Boness and R. E. Center

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 511 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88227 (4 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Measurements are reported of the magnitude and temporal behavior of small‐signal gain in a pulsed high‐pressure carbon monoxide electric discharge laser. These are compared with predictions derived from kinetic modeling calculations. Maximum gain of 4.5%/cm was measured on the 9P (10) and 8P (10) transitions. The measurements and calculations support the hypothesis that resonance absorption by overlapping transitions is the mechanism responsible for gain suppression on certain lines.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Mutual doping effects between epitaxial ZnS films and GaAs substrates

G. P. Espinosa, T. C. Lim, E. S. Cory, R. Zucca, and D. H. Hengstenberg

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 514 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88228 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

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The problem of strong self‐activated luminescence in undoped ZnS films grown on GaAs substrates by chemical vapor deposition is analyzed. Tests made by changing substrates in conjunction with photoluminescence and optical transmission measurements are described. It is concluded that mutual doping effects take place between the ZnS film and the GaAs substrate with Ga doping the ZnS films while Zn dopes the GaAs substrate.
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78.55.-m Photoluminescence, properties and materials
78.40.Fy Semiconductors

GaAs‐AlGaAs double heterostructure lasers with taper‐coupled passive waveguides

F. K. Reinhart and R. A. Logan

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 516 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88239 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Taper‐coupled laser structures suitable for integrated optics applications were grown by a liquid phase epitaxy process. Reduced threshold current densities, j0=6.3 kA/cm2 μm, and external differential quantum efficiencies ηd as high as 28% were measured with nominally undoped n‐type active layers. Control units yielded j0=5.3 kA/cm2 μm with ηd as high as 37%. An internal quantum efficiency of 78% and a taper coupling efficiency ≳50% are deduced from the data.
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42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
42.82.-m Integrated optics
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers

Fowler‐Nordheim tunneling and temperature effects in electrical conductivity of metal oxide varistors

Margaret Fix and Josip Soln

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 519 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88240 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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The validity of Fowler‐Nordheim tunneling as an electrical conduction mechanism in MOV materials was investigated in a wide temperature range. Despite the fact that, in high‐field regions, the current‐voltage curves conform to the relation I=B exp(−γ/V), which is formally consistent with Fowler‐Nordheim tunneling, we find that the parameters B and γ are strongly temperature dependent above 60 °C. The question then arises as to whether the fit of the above relation to the I‐V curves is more accidental than an indication of the Fowler‐Nordheim tunneling mechanism in the whole temperature range.
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85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices (including resonance tunneling devices)
73.40.Gk Tunneling

Quasi‐cw laser emission from the second positive band of nitrogen

S. N. Suchard, L. Galvan, and D. G. Sutton

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 521 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88241 (3 pages) | Cited 21 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Experimental results are presented for the observation of a second positive nitrogen laser that has a pulse length much longer than the radiative lifetime of the upper laser level. Preliminary measurements of the temporal behavior of this laser indicate that it was operating in a quasi‐continuous‐wave manner and, in addition, the laser output was extremely sensitive to the alignment of the optical cavity placed around the discharge tube.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Gain spectrum of a high‐pressure CO2 laser

J. L. Miller, A. H. M. Ross, and E. V. George

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 523 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88242 (4 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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The gain spectrum of a high‐pressure uv preionized CO2 laser was measured for pressures to 14 atm. The data show an ∼10% increase in the gain of the P branch of the 961‐cm−1 (00°1) ‐ (10°0)1 band which is attributed to the overlapping 927‐cm−1 0111‐ (1110)1 band. The measured gain was shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of a four‐temperature kinetic model.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Solid‐state oxygen meter using zinc oxide

H. Degn and J. McK. Nobbs

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 526 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88243 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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The electrical resistance of illuminated zinc oxide powder depends on the O2 content of a moist O2/N2 mixture. A model describing the relationship between R and pO2 is derived. The development of a practical solid‐state O2 meter using zinc oxide seems possible.
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82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis
07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing
82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis

Room‐temperature heterojunction laser diodes of InxGa1−xAs/InyGa1−yP with emission wavelength between 0.9 and 1.15 μm

C. J. Nuese and G. H. Olsen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 528 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88244 (4 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Vapor‐grown p‐n heterojunction laser structures of InxGa1−xAs/InyGa1−yP have been prepared with laser threshold current densities as low as 15 000 A/cm2 at room temperature and 1000 A/cm2 at 77 °K. Emission wavelengths between 1.025 and 1.15 μm have been obtained at 300 °K.
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42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices

Excitation mechanism of the He‐I+ laser

T. Shay, H. Kano, and G. J. Collins

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 531 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88245 (4 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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See Also: Erratum

Show Abstract
We have investigated the afterglow decay rates of sixteen iodine ion, I(II), laser lines in spontaneous emissions. All lines originate from the four triplet terms of the 5s25p3(2D0)6p electronic configuration. The variation of the I(II) spontaneous emission decay rates with increasing iodine pressure provides direct evidence that a charge‐transfer reaction involving the ground‐state atomic helium ion and a ground‐state iodine atom is a primary source of excitation for the upper levels of the helium‐iodine ion laser. A total velocity‐averaged cross section, σ (He+‐I), of 3×10−16 cm2 has been measured.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
34.50.-s Scattering of atoms and molecules
32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching)

Transient effects in wavelength‐modulated dye lasers

C. L. Tang, J. M. Telle, and C. Ghizoni

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 534 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88246 (4 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A new laser transient effect is observed in a wavelength‐modulated cw dye laser. A theory for this effect is developed and shown to be in close agreement with the observed transients.
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42.55.Mv Dye lasers

Equivalence of the coupled‐mode and Floquet‐Bloch formalisms in periodic optical waveguides

A. Yariv and A. Gover

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 537 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88247 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A comparison of two theories used to analyze distributed feedback lasers and periodic optical devices finds them, contrary to some claims, to be formally equivalent.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation

Thermal blooming compensation using coherent optical adaptive techniques (COAT)

William B. Bridges and James E. Pearson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 539 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88248 (5 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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Real‐time compensation for thermally induced beam distortion has been demonstrated using a phase‐adaptive aperture subdivided into 18 elements coupled with an 18‐channel multidither servo system. The results were obtained using an argon ion laser and a nonlinear liquid cell placed in the near field of the transmitted beam. The system increased the peak beam irradiance by more than a factor of 4 at the highest power used and reduced the beamwidth by a factor of 5.4 from the uncorrected bloomed case. A comparison with predictions from existing theory is given.
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42.65.-k Nonlinear optics
42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer
42.68.Bz Atmospheric turbulence effects

A method of utilizing lithium‐induced nuclear reactions in the determination of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen in thin films

C. Cardinal, C. Brassard, J. Chabbal, L. Deschênes, J. P. Labrie, J. L’Ecuyer, and Marc Leroux

Appl. Phys. Lett. 26, 543 (1975); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.88249 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 2 September 2008

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A method of analysis of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon in thin samples involves the detection of charged particles from nuclear reactions induced by a 7‐MeV lithium‐6 beam. The particle detection with a telescope counter near 0° takes full advantage of high exothermic reactions. The sensitivity is of the order of 10−3 μg/cm2. A preliminary study of the contaminants introduced during the sputtering of niobium is presented.
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61.72.sd Impurity concentration
61.72.sh Impurity distribution
61.72.sm Impurity gradients
82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods
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