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15 Sep 1977

Volume 31, Issue 6, pp. 369-401


Thermal transient analysis of pulsed heat deposition in sheet targets and observations of plasma spreading

J. A. McKay and J. T. Schriempf

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 369 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89707 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The decay of temperature transients in pulse‐heated sheet targets can be analyzed to deduce the initial magnitude and spatial distribution of target heating. We present formulas describing such thermal transients, and give an example of analysis involving heating of aluminum by a pulsed CO2 laser with air plasma ignition. Plasma spreading of heat deposition over an area much larger than the laser beam cross section is shown.
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07.20.-n Thermal instruments and apparatus
52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)

A scheme for evaluating Te/Ti and Z by light scattering

Norton L. Bretz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 372 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89708 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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When highly ionized impurities are present in a plasma, the scattered spectrum of the major ion species can be distorted in a complicated way. A method is given by which Te/Ti and Z (≡Jnjzj2/ne) can be measured which does not require any knowledge of the mass, charge state, or concentration of the impurity species. A generalization of the Salpeter approximation for the integrated cross section is proven. The result is that the total cross section is a function of α (≡ 1/KλD), Te/Ti, and Z as long as the temperature of all ion species is the same and Te/Ti is not too large. Thus a measurement of the integrated ion cross section at two different scattering angles can yield Te/Ti and Z. This method is insensitive to magnetic fields and to moderate electron drifts. For 1≲Te/Ti, Z≲3 the cross section must be measured to an accuracy of about 3% to give Te/Ti to within 10% and Z within 20%.
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52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas

Diffusion coefficients of Tl+ ions in ion‐exchanged glass

Keiji Kobayashi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 374 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89709 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Diffusion of Tl+ ions was determined in a multicomponent glass by means of an ion‐exchange technique. Diffusion coefficients of Tl+ ions of 9.86×10—7 to 4.34×10−10 cm2/sec were calculated for glass which was immersed at 450 °C for 24 h in TlNO3‐KNO3 molten salts with the composition Tl/(Tl+K) =0.1 to 0.5.
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66.30.J- Diffusion of impurities

Phase tuning in optical directional coupler by photostructural effect of chalcogenide glass film

Osamu Mikami, Juichi Noda, Sakae Zembutsu, and Shuzo Fukunishi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 376 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89710 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A new phase-tuning method for an optical directional coupler is proposed. The method involves using the refractive-index change induced by a light exposure (<0.5 μm) of (Se-S) -based chalcogenide glass film loaded on the waveguides. The light coupling in a directional coupler, fabricated in a c-plate LiNbO3, was changed from 95 to 15% by irradiation of a halogen lamp.
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42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers

Optical fiber taper couplers: Diameter and slope measurements

E. Marom and M. D. Rourke

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 378 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89711 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The transmitted light from side‐illuminated transparent optical fiber taper couplers is analyzed. A direct measure of the slope and the diameter variations of the taper is obtained with ease from the deflected (refracted) beam and the displayed far‐field diffraction pattern.
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42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
42.81.-i Fiber optics
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers

Tunable cw laser operation in FB (II) type color center crystals

G. Litfin, R. Beigang, and H. Welling

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 381 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89712 (2 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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cw laser action in Na+‐doped KCl and RbCl crystals containing FB(II) centers is reported. The total tuning range was 2.25⩽λ⩽2.9 μm. Pump power at threshold was measured to be 20 mW and an output power of 18 mW was obtained. It is expected that the wavelength range for this type of laser can be extended into the 3–4‐μm region with RbBr and RbI crystals.
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42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
61.72.jn Color centers

Growth of single‐crystal sapphire‐clad ruby fibers

C. A. Burrus and L. A. Coldren

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 383 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89713 (2 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Single‐crystal Cr‐doped Al2O3 fibers can be grown by a floating‐zone technique from small source rods locally melted at the end by a CO2 laser. By using the same laser to melt and regrow only the surface of the fiber, the Cr concentration in this surface layer can be reduced by a factor of 100 or more by selective evaporation.
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81.10.Fq Growth from melts; zone melting and refining
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation

Cd II excitation in slow He+‐Cd and He+2‐Cd collisions

F. Ranjbar, H. H. Harris, and J. J. Leventhal

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 385 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89714 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Cross sections for production of excited states of Cd II resulting from He+‐Cd and He+2‐Cd collisions are reported. These data suggest that high‐pressure (∼ atmospheres) operation of a He‐Cd laser in which pumping is achieved by charge‐transfer excitation with reactant He+2 might be possible. Selective population of the (4d)9(5s)2 2D3/2 level in He+2‐Cd collisions produces enhancement of the 325.0‐nm line relative to the 441.6 nm.
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34.70.+e Charge transfer
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions
34.50.Lf Chemical reactions

Tunable damage‐resistant polarization rotator for ultraviolet and visible laser radiation

B. A. Garetz, G. E. Hall, and G. A. Kenney‐Wallace

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 387 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89701 (3 pages)

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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A 90° polarization rotator for use at 347 nm was constructed and successfully tested at peak intensities in excess of 15 MW cm−2. This liquid optical rotatory device (LORD) employs aqueous solutions of sucrose to rotate the plane of polarization of the incident beam, may be tuned to other incident wavelengths, and should be widely useful for applications involving both tunable dye lasers and high‐power lasers.
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42.62.-b Laser applications
42.25.Ja Polarization
78.20.Ek Optical activity

Tunable blue picosecond pulses from a dye laser

A. J. Cox, Gary W. Scott, and Larry D. Talley

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 389 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89702 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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Blue picosecond length pulses have been produced by a short‐cavity dye laser, axially pumped with the third harmonic of a mode‐locked Nd+3 : glass laser. Tuning was conveniently achieved by tilting the laser. Performance was investigated for cavity lengths ranging from 10 to 150 μm.
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42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
42.55.Mv Dye lasers
42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings

Electron kinetics in the KrF laser

W. H. Long

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 391 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89703 (4 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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At fractional electron densities typical of e‐beam‐stabilized KrF laser discharges, electron‐electron collisions are shown to play a significant role in determining the metastable production rates and electron transport properties. The major effect is to reduce the E/N for optimum laser pumping, which is consistent with experimental observation. The laser quantum efficiency under discharge pumping is shown to be about 36% compared to direct e‐beam pumping at 26%.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
51.50.+v Electrical properties (ionization, breakdown, electron and ion mobility, etc.)
52.20.Fs Electron collisions
34.80.Dp Atomic excitation and ionization

Isolated optical Ramsey fringes in the 32S–42D two‐photon transitions of sodium

M. M. Salour

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 394 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89704 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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By inducing a 90° phase shift between pairs of coherent time‐delayed laser pulses, and taking the difference between the fluorescence resulting from pairs of coherent pulses with and without the phase shift, we have eliminated the diffraction background and isolated the Ramsey’s interference fringes in the profile of Doppler‐free two‐photon resonances. This technique also offers enormous improvement for other situations in which interference fringe contrast is poor.
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32.80.Rm Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states
32.80.Wr Other multiphoton processes
32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching)
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers

Nature of 〈110〉 dark‐line defects in degraded (GaAl)As‐GaAs double‐heterostructure lasers

Koichi Ishida, Taibun Kamejima, and Junji Matsui

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 397 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89705 (3 pages) | Cited 24 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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The 〈100〉 dark‐line defects (DLD’s) in the degraded (GaAl)As‐GaAs double‐heterostructure lasers are studied by transmission electron microscopy. Two types of 〈110〉 DLD’s are observed; one is associated with 〈110〉 straight dislocations and the other with dislocation networks developing from the mirror surface. The former type of the 〈110〉 DLD’s is found to be formed by dislocation glide motion. The development of the 〈100〉 dislocation dipole from the 〈110〉 dislocation is also observed, indicating that the 〈110〉 dislocation is a source of the 〈100〉 dislocation dipole.
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42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity, slip, creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.)
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices

Electron‐beam switching of thin‐film ZnS electroluminescent devices

W. E. Howard and P. M. Alt

Appl. Phys. Lett. 31, 399 (1977); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89706 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 26 August 2008

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An electron beam of moderate current density (∼10−5 A/cm2) and energy (10–16 keV) has been used to change the luminance state of a thin‐film ZnS : Mn electroluminescent device having hysteretic or memory‐type behavior with respect to applied voltage. The dwell time of the beam required for writing is of the order of 0.05–1 ms, depending upon applied voltage and beam current density. The change in luminance is confined to the area bombarded and persists for hours, decaying approximately as erf(αt−1/2) for 50<t<104 s.
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78.60.Fi Electroluminescence
85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices
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