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15 May 1978

Volume 32, Issue 10, pp. 595-691

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Specific heats of NdP5O14 and PrP5O14 near their ferroelastic phase transitions

G. M. Loiacono, M. Delfino, and W. A. Smith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 595 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89863 (2 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The specific heats of NdP5O14 and PrP5O14 were measured with a differential scanning calorimeter over the temperature range 385–440 °K. The ferroelastic phase transition was confirmed to be second order. The ferroelastic transition temperatures for NdP5O14 and PrP5O14 were 426.5 and 416.5 °K, respectively. A second thermal anomaly was observed in both materials approximately 20 °K below the ferroelastic transition.
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61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects
65.40.Ba Heat capacity
82.60.Fa Heat capacities and heats of phase transitions

Alignment of liquid crystals using submicrometer periodicity gratings

D. C. Flanders, D. C. Shaver, and Henry I. Smith

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 597 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89864 (2 pages) | Cited 54 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Spatial‐period (320‐nm) square‐wave gratings fabricated on amorphous SiO2 substrates were used to produce uniform alignment of the director in nematic and smectic liquid‐crystal layers. This demonstrates that molecular alignment can be achieved using surface structures fabricated by a planar process. A novel method of producing twisted‐nematic liquid‐crystal displays using surface gratings is described.
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61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
42.79.Dj Gratings
68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
85.60.-q Optoelectronic devices

Strong electromechanical coupling of SAW on a Pb2KNb5O15 single crystal

Hisao Yamauchi

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 599 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89865 (2 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Surface‐acoustic‐wave (SAW) characteristics of a lead potassium niobate (Pb2KNb5O15) single crystal have been calculated. It is predicted that SAW on this material has very strong electromechanical coupling 2Δv/v of more than 10% in the stiffened Rayleigh mode in the X‐axis boule and Y‐cut plate and as high as 28.5% in the Bleustein‐Gulyaev mode in the Z‐axis cylinder.
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68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
43.35.Pt Surface waves in solids and liquids
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects

Light‐sensitive surface‐barrier generation of acoustic volume waves

R. M. Holt, K. Fossheim, and A. M. Raaen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 601 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89866 (3 pages) | Cited 4 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A new method for generation and detection of acoustic volume waves in nonpiezoelectric dielectrics is described. The acoustic intensity is sensitive to band‐gap illumination. Acoustic conversion is observed on inserting the sample in a reentrant cavity, in contact with the center post during application of rf pulses. The induced conversion efficiency builds up with a time constant in the range of seconds to minutes depending on the nature of the metal dielectric contact and on rf pulse repetition rate. Acoustic signals of 75 dB above noise have been generated in KTaO3. Very long storage times are observed. A model for the transducer action based on induced space charge and a surface barrier is proposed, similar to the model of Fossheim and Bjerkan for surface‐wave generation in nonpiezoelectric dielectrics. The estimated electromechanical coupling coefficient is comparable to that of piezoelectric LiNbO3 and LiTaO3.
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62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electromechanical effects

Dissociative attachment of electrons to Br2 and HBr

Daniel W. Trainor and M. J. W. Boness

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 604 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89867 (3 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Electron attachment to Br2 and HBr has been studied over a range of E/P values using a high‐pressure electron‐beam‐sustained gas‐discharge apparatus. Experiments were performed in gas mixtures containing the attaching species and a large excess (⩾99%) of N2 which was included to control the electron temperature. Values of the dissociative attachment rate constants at an average electron energy near 1.0 eV for Br2 and HBr were found to be 1.0×10−10 and 8×10−10 cm3/sec, respectively. Using the known electron energy dependence of the dissociative attachment cross section, the magnitude of the dissociative attachment cross section for HBr was estimated.
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34.80.Gs Molecular excitation and ionization
82.20.Pm Rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies
31.70.Hq Time-dependent phenomena: excitation and relaxation processes, and reaction rates

Observation of electron‐neutral inverse bremsstrahlung in an electron‐beam‐sustained discharge

Shimshon Alroy and Walter H. Christiansen

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 607 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89868 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The absorption of 10.6‐μ and 2.8‐μ radiation by inverse bremsstrahlung in an electron‐beam‐sustained discharge is measured in several gases as a function of E/N. The experimentally derived absorption cross sections are compared with theoretical predictions and good agreement is shown.
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52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.80.-s Electric discharges
52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements

Preliminary results on the conversion of laser energy into electricity

R. W. Thompson, E. J. Manista, and D. L. Alger

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 610 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89869 (2 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A preliminary experiment was performed to investigate conversion of 10.6‐μm laser energy to electrical energy via a laser‐sustained argon plasma. Short‐circuit currents of 0.7 A were measured between thoriated‐tungsten emitter and collector electrodes immersed in the laser‐sustained argon plasma. Open‐circuit voltages of ∼1.5 V were inferred from the current‐voltage load characteristics. The dominant mechanism of laser energy conversion is uncertain at this time. Much higher output powers appear possible.
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52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
84.60.Rb Thermoelectric, electrogasdynamic and other direct energy conversion
52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation

Electron drift velocities in helium‐fluorine gas mixtures

Kaare J. Nygaard, John Fletcher, Scott R. Hunter, and Stephen R. Foltyn

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 612 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89870 (2 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Using a simple time‐of‐flight technique, we have measured the electron drift velocity in helium with 0.1–1% fluorine additive. Our results in a 0.1% mixture are in close agreement with data in pure helium. The measured drift velocity increases with increasing fluorine concentration.
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52.25.Fi Transport properties
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Impedance characteristics of heated REB diodes

D. J. Johnson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 614 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89860 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The influence of anode and cathode plasma upon the behavior of low‐impedance REB diodes is investigated by acquiring data with anodes and cathodes heated to 1000 and 200 °C, respectively. These data indicate a reduction in impedance collapse which is consistent with a 20% reduction in the anode‐cathode plasma gap closure velocity and a factor of 2.5 reduction in ion current. The ion current is reduced for heated anodes because then the ion current is primarily attributed to weakly ionized carbon and higher atomic number ions rather than protons.
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41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum
84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology: power systems; power transmission lines and cables
29.25.Bx Electron sources

Space‐charge effects on particle diagnostics of laser‐produced plasmas

S. J. Gitomer and H. Brysk

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 616 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89861 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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We have considered the interaction between a laser‐produced plasma and a grounded conducting cylindrical aperture. Space‐charge effects both within and beyond the aperture are treated in an approximate analysis. We apply our results to recent ion pinhole measurements to show that space‐charge effects can account for the data obtained.
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52.70.Nc Particle measurements
29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators

Effect of ionizing radiation on the optical attenuation in doped silica and plastic fiber‐optic waveguides

E. J. Friebele, M. E. Gingerich, and G. H. Sigel

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 619 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89862 (3 pages) | Cited 10 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The radiation‐induced optical attenuation has been measured over a wide range of dose and time in state‐of‐the‐art step‐ and graded‐state 60Co and pulsed electron irradiation. Results are reported for previously uncharacterized silica fibers containing dopants such as Ge,P,B,F,Tl, and Cs. At short times following the irradiation, fibers which contain Ge exhibit an extremely high attenuation that is not observed when these fibers contain P. Recovery is typically more complete in the silica core fibers than in the doped silica core fibers, which can have losses 25–1000 times the intrinsic loss 3 months after an irradiation of 105–106 rad.
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42.81.-i Fiber optics
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
61.80.Ed γ-ray effects
78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics
78.40.Ha Other nonmetallic inorganics

Absorption in Ne‐ and Ar‐rich XeF∗ laser mixtures

M. Rokni, J. H. Jacob, and J. A. Mangano

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 622 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89871 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The absorption in e‐beam‐pumped Ar/Xe/F2 and Ne/Xe/F2 mixtures was measured using a flashlamp‐pumped dye laser at 340 nm. The photoabsorption of the active medium affects the extraction efficiency and the length scaling of the laser. The gas mixtures were excited by a 150‐keV 5‐A/cm2 beam of fast electrons. The pumping conditions and gas mixtures used were typical of e‐beam‐pumped XeF lasers. Our results confirm that the absorption in Ne‐diluted mixtures is appreciably smaller than in Ar‐diluted mixtures. Data was obtained for a wide variety of mixture pressures and ratios. Using our kinetic model, the results were analyzed and the dominant absorbing species were identified.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
34.80.Gs Molecular excitation and ionization
34.70.+e Charge transfer
82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions

Emission spectrum of the ν3 band of SF6 at 1780 °K

J. F. Bott

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 624 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89872 (3 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The author measured the emission spectrum of the ν3 band of SF6 at 1780 °K in a shock tube. At this high temperature, the emission peaks at a frequency of 907 cm−1 (11.02 μ); at room temperature, the band has a peak intensity at 948 cm−1. Lyman and Nowak observed similar but proportionately smaller shifts of the spectral maximum to lower frequencies at temperatures between 400 and 800 °K. A knowledge of the high‐temperature spectral distribution of the ν3 band is important for the design and interpretation of isotope separation experiments in which SF6 is dissociated by selective multiphoton absorption of CO2 laser photons.
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33.20.Ea Infrared spectra
82.50.Hp Processes caused by visible and UV light
28.60.+s Isotope separation and enrichment
33.80.Rv Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states)
33.80.Wz Other multiphoton processes

The radiative lifetime and quenching of KrF

G. P. Quigley and W. M. Hughes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 627 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89873 (3 pages) | Cited 15 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Excitation of atomic krypton in the presence of molecular fluorine by a wavelength‐selective 2.5‐ns‐long argon excimer photolytic source was used to initiate the reaction sequence resulting in the formation of excited KrF. The radiative lifetime of the KrF∗ laser transition was found to be 9 ns at the high‐pressure limit. This is in good agreement with the calculated values. The rate constant for two‐body quenching of KrF∗ by F2 is 5.7±0.5×10−10 cm3 s−1 and the rate constant for three‐body quenching by Kr is 2.9±0.3×10−31 cm3 s−1.
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33.70.Fd Absolute and relative line and band intensities
31.70.Hq Time-dependent phenomena: excitation and relaxation processes, and reaction rates
42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
31.50.Df Potential energy surfaces for excited electronic states

Electron‐beam‐controlled discharge XeCl excimer laser

Jeffrey I. Levatter, James H. Morris, and Shao‐Chi Lin

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 630 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89874 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A large‐volume (6‐liter) electron‐beam‐controlled discharge of about 1 μsec duration in a Xe/Ar mixture with HCl as the chlorine donor has been utilized to achieve efficient XeCl laser generation at 3080 Å. At a fixed gas pressure and e‐beam current, the laser output is found to increase rapidly with the initial sustainer field strength up to the spontaneous breakdown limit. Near such a limit, a factor‐of‐25 enhancement of the XeCl laser output energy over that due to e‐beam pumping alone has been observed at 1 atm total pressure. The specific output pulse energy density and laser efficiency based on total energy deposition, of 0.5 J/liter atm and 0.7%, respectively, are beginning to approach the best values reported in the literature for the XeF and KrF lasers.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
36.90.+f Other topics in exotic atoms and molecules; macromolecules; clusters (restricted to new topics in section 36)
52.80.-s Electric discharges
31.70.Hq Time-dependent phenomena: excitation and relaxation processes, and reaction rates

Dynamic Stark‐tuned FIR lasers in Rb

T. Y. Chang, T. C. Damen, V. T. Nguyen, J. D. McGee, and T. J. Bridges

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 633 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89875 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Superfluorescent FIR lasers near 50 μm in Rb vapor have been tuned over 800 MHz by using the dynamic Stark effect induced by a Q‐switched CO2 laser beam. The latter is nearly resonant with a transition involving the lower level of the FIR laser. A tuning range of several cm−1 should be possible by using a TEA CO2 laser.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
32.60.+i Zeeman and Stark effects
32.70.-n Intensities and shapes of atomic spectral lines

Image phase compensation and real‐time holography by four‐wave mixing in optical fibers

Amnon Yariv, John AuYeung, Dan Fekete, and David M. Pepper

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 635 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89876 (3 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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It is proposed that real‐time holography can be performed inside multimode fibers (or optical waveguides) using four‐wave optical mixing. Of particular interest is the generation of complex‐conjugate replicas of input fields for image transmission and compensation of propagation distortion. A theoretical analysis and a numerical estimate are presented.
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42.30.Va Image forming and processing
42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.81.-i Fiber optics
42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques

Scaling of nonthermal ion energy in laser‐generated plasma

P. Wägli, T. P. Donaldson, and P. Lädrach

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 638 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89877 (3 pages) | Cited 9 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Plasma was generated by focusing a 1.06‐μm 35‐psec laser pulse obliquely onto a solid surface at the optimum resonance absorption angle. The scaling of nonthermal ion emission energy with laser intensity was determined. A computer model for resonance absorption showed nonthermal ion emission to be due to electron acceleration by a resonantly driven electrostatic field.
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52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
52.40.Db Electromagnetic (nonlaser) radiation interactions with plasma

Dichroism measurements in photoacoustic spectroscopy

D. Fournier, A. C. Boccara, and J. Badoz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 640 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89878 (3 pages) | Cited 22 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Photoacoustic spectroscopy is used to obtain dichroism spectra of strongly absorbing samples. The effects, natural or magnetically induced, are recorded with a scale directly comparable to that of the absorption data. The validity of the experiments has been examined using conventional dichroism and absorption techniques on a thin slice of a NdMoO4 crystal.
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78.20.Ls Magneto-optical effects
07.60.Fs Polarimeters and ellipsometers
07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers

Low‐stagnation‐temperature characteristics of cw N2O and CO2 gasdynamic mixing lasers pumped by nitrogen or air

J. Milewski, M. Brunné, J. Stańco, A. Zieliński, M. Irczuk, G. Rabczuk, A. I. Demin, E. M. Kudriavtsev, A. Yu. Volkov, and N. N. Sobolev

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 642 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89879 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Experimental data collected from a N2O/N2(air) thermally excited and selectively pumped cw gasdynamic mixing laser are reported for a range of low stagnation temperatures and compared with data from a CO2/N2(air) laser. Lasers operating with air yield practically identical output as with usual nitrogen pumping.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers

Balanced bridge modulator switch using Ti‐diffused LiNbO3 strip waveguides

V. Ramaswamy, M. D. Divino, and R. D. Standley

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 644 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89880 (3 pages) | Cited 32 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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An experimental integrated optical version of the Mach‐Zehnder interferometer switch, analogous to the microwave balanced bridge, is reported. The bridge is formed by 3‐μm‐wide Ti‐diffused strip waveguides in LiNbO3 and the switch utilizes electro‐optical tuning to achieve 3‐dB operation of the directional couplers. The switching voltage required to switch between the states, corresponding to a π phase shift in one arm, equals 14.8 V. The cross talk between channels that corresponds to the extinction ratio when operated as an on‐off modulator is −21.6 dB.
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42.82.-m Integrated optics
42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects

Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication

K. O. Hill, Y. Fujii, D. C. Johnson, and B. S. Kawasaki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 647 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89881 (3 pages) | Cited 485 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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The observation of photosensitivity in Ge‐doped core optical fibers is reported. The photosensitivity is manifested by light‐induced refractive‐index changes in the core of the waveguide. Narrowband reflectors in a guide structure have been fabricated using this photosensitivity and the resulting DFB reflectors employed as laser mirrors in a cw gas laser in the visible.
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42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
42.81.-i Fiber optics
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking

Lifetime and quenching rate constants for Kr2F∗ and Kr2∗

G. P. Quigley and W. M. Hughes

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 649 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89882 (3 pages) | Cited 19 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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A broadband 2.5‐ns‐long argon excimer photolytic source was used to initiate the reaction sequence resulting in the formation of Kr2F∗. The resulting fluorescence signal at 400 nm depended on the radiative and quenching processes of Kr2∗ as well as Kr2F∗. The radiative lifetime of Kr2F∗ was found to be 181±12 ns. The rate constants for quenching by F2 and Kr are 4.3±0.4×10−10 and 6.9±0.7×10−15 cm3 s−1, respectively. The Kr2∗ coupled lu, Ou lifetime is 280±30 ns and the rate constant for quenching of Kr2∗ by F2 is 2.1±0.2×10−10 cm3 s−1.
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33.70.Fd Absolute and relative line and band intensities
31.70.Hq Time-dependent phenomena: excitation and relaxation processes, and reaction rates
82.20.Rp State to state energy transfer
31.50.Df Potential energy surfaces for excited electronic states

A transversely rf‐excited CO2 waveguide laser

J.‐L. Lachambre, J. Macfarlane, G. Otis, and P. Lavigne

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 652 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89883 (2 pages) | Cited 18 times

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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An electrodeless CO2 waveguide laser with transverse rf pumping is described. In the rf cw mode, the laser emits up to 0.6 W at 100 Torr. In the rf pulse mode, atmospheric operation has been achieved with pulse duration of 20 μs and peak power of a few watts at a repetition rate of 300 Hz.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
52.80.Pi High-frequency and RF discharges

Efficient metal hydride arc source

W. D. Slafer and D. J. Benard

Appl. Phys. Lett. 32, 654 (1978); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.89859 (2 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 8 August 2008

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Intense visible emission from Ca and Mg hydrides in an rf‐excited heat pipe oven was produced with electrical efficiencies up to 5%, suggesting possible use as an efficient narrow‐band light source.
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42.72.-g Optical sources and standards
33.20.Kf Visible spectra
52.80.Pi High-frequency and RF discharges
34.80.Gs Molecular excitation and ionization
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