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1 Jan 1979

Volume 34, Issue 1, pp. 1-120

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Tl3AsSe3 noncollinear acousto‐optic filter operation at 10 μm

J. D. Feichtner, M. Gottlieb, and J. J. Conroy

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 1 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90583 (3 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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An infrared tunable acousto‐optic filter based on Tl3AsSe3 in a noncollinear configuration is described. The filter was operated at CO2 laser wavelengths from 10.8 to 9.3 μm, with corresponding rf drive frequencies in the 15–18‐MHz range. Filter bandwidths are of the order of 20–30 cm−1, and the measured tuning rate is 18.0 kHz/cm−1 at 10 μm.
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43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography
42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
42.70.-a Optical materials

Electron‐microscope observation of structure domains in the ferroelastic phase of lead phosphate, Pb3(PO4)2

R. Ayroles, J. Torres, J. Aubree, C. Roucau, and M. Tanaka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 4 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90594 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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We have used for the first time the electron‐microscopy technique to reveal the pure ferroelastic phase domain structure of lead phosphate, Pb3(PO4)2. The domain configuration confirms previous identifications of the symmetry elements lost at the transition. The domains are found separated by thin walls whose thicknesses are less than 50 Å. This and other recent studies suggest narrower walls in ferroelectrics and in ferroelectric ferroelastics than were envisaged from earlier theoretical models. The very high values reported by different authors are believed to be due to the resolution limitations of the experimental setup used. Fruitful consequences are expected from a thorough understanding of the stresses and lattice distortions associated with the ferroelastic domain structure.
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61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder
61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects

Consecutive microsecond pulsed ion beams from a reflex tetrode ion source

Frank Wessel and Scott Robertson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 7 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90566 (2 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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We have obtained two consecutive ion pulses separated in time by 2.6 msec from a long‐pulse (1–2 μsec) reflex tetrode ion source. The source voltage is 100 kV and the ion current density is 0.7 A/cm2. Calorimetry indicates that the energy in two pulses is equal to 180% of that in the first pulse for delays of ≳2.6 msec. For shorter delays the energy in the second pulse is reduced due to premature shorting of the diode.
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52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams

Planar sandwich antennas for submillimeter applications

Tien‐Lai Hwang, D. B. Rutledge, and S. E. Schwarz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 9 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90574 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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A planar receiving antenna with a predictable pattern at submillimeter wavelength is demonstrated experimentally for the first time. It is single lobed and efficient, with a gain of approximately 8 dB at a wavelength of 119 μm.
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42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers
07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors
84.40.Ba Antennas: theory, components and accessories
95.75.-z Observation and data reduction techniques; computer modeling and simulation

Field‐ion microscopy of liquid‐metal gallium

Toshio Sakurai, R. J. Culbertson, and G. H. Robertson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 11 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90578 (3 pages) | Cited 11 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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Ionization of liquid gallium coated on a tungsten field‐ion tip was investigated using a magnetic‐sector atom probe. For the first time, both the energy distribution of ionized Ga and its critical energy deficit with respect to a tip potential were measured as a function of field and tip temperature. Without heating the gallium, a stable Ga+ ion current of up to 10 μA was obtained from a small surface area of a tip with an energy distribution of less than 12 eV FWHM.
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79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes; electron diffractometers
29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams

Conical targets for implosion studies with a CO2 laser

R. J. Mason, R. J. Fries, and E. H. Farnum

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 14 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90580 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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The design, fabrication, and testing of conical laser fusion targets is described. These are DT‐filled conical holes in lead, 190 μm deep and covered with a 132‐μm‐diam plastic cap. The results of two‐dimensional simulations of the cones are displayed. Experimentally, up to 2.8×105 neutrons have been obtained from the exploding pusher implosion of such a target under single‐beam CO2 illumination of the cap at 0.13 TW.
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52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
52.25.Fi Transport properties
28.52.-s Fusion reactors

Reductions in static fatigue of silica fibers by hermetic jacketing

D. A. Pinnow, G. D. Robertson, and J. A. Wysocki

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 17 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90581 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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See Also: Erratum

Show Abstract
The lifetime of stressed silica fibers is normally limited by moisture‐enhanced stress corrosion cracking known as static fatigue. We have developed a metal‐jacketing technique that provides a hermetic protection of the glass fiber surface. Fibers protected in this fashion appear to be immune to normal static fatigue effects. Lifetimes of stressed silica fibers with hermetic jackets have been observed to be more than five orders of magnitude longer than those of conventional plastic‐coated fibers.
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42.81.-i Fiber optics
62.20.M- Structural failure of materials

Thermocurrent spectra of γ‐phase‐containing PVF2 films

M. Abkowitz, W. M. Prest, D. J. Luca, and G. Pfister

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 19 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90582 (4 pages) | Cited 2 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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A comparison of ac and dc thermocurrents in γ‐phase‐containing PVF2 films prepared by different techniques isolates spectral features unique to γ‐phase crystallites. The spectral changes that result from the in situ thermal conversion of γ‐ and α‐phase‐containing films provides a self‐consistent verification of assignments.
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77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects
77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation
36.20.-r Macromolecules and polymer molecules
61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics

Instantaneous two‐dimensional concentration measurements in a jet flow by Mie scattering

Marshall B. Long, Bruce F. Webber, and Richard K. Chang

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 22 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90584 (3 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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The instantaneous (9 μsec) two‐dimensional concentration in a turbulent jet has been measured by imaging the Mie‐scattered light from a seeded flow onto a low‐light‐level TV camera and processing the data in a computer. The average concentration and rms concentration fluctation profile, as well as the spatial concentration fluctuation correlations, have been obtained.
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47.80.-v Instrumentation and measurement methods in fluid dynamics
47.27.-i Turbulent flows

Gold, silver, chromium, and copper cermet selective surfaces for evacuated solar collectors

D. R. McKenzie

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 25 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90585 (4 pages) | Cited 17 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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Cermet solar selective surfaces of absorptance over 0.90 and emittance less than 0.05 have been prepared by vacuum coevaporation of alumina and spinel with gold, silver, chromium, and copper. Grading of commposition was employed to enhance the absorptance. The effect of heat treatment in vacuum up to 500 °C was studied and the chromium‐alumina cermet shown to be the best candidate for vacuum‐insulated collectors.
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78.66.-w Optical properties of specific thin films
78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings; film growth and epitaxy
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion

A simple method for fabricating lines of 0.15‐μ width using optical lithography

E. C. Jelks, G. L. Kerber, and H. A. Wilcox

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 28 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90586 (3 pages) | Cited 6 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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A ’’shadow deposition’’ technique using only optical lithography and conventional thin‐film technology has been used to fabricate titanium lines with nominal widths of 0.15–0.30 μ on glass substrates. Each of these lines was produced by evaporating metal at an angle to a photoresist edge and utilizing the region ’’shadowed’’ from the evaporating atoms by the edge to form an in situ mask of submicron dimensions with highly correlated edges. Uniformly wide lines having tapered edges and widths less than 0.1 μ appear to be reliably attainable with this technique. It is expected that the method will be useful for making Josephson junctions and other devices employing titanium, niobium, or any other material that can be vapor deposited.
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68.90.+g Other topics in structure, and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and interfaces; thin films and low-dimensional structures (restricted to new topics in section 68)
85.40.Bh Computer-aided design of microcircuits; layout and modeling
85.25.-j Superconducting devices
74.50.+r Tunneling phenomena; Josephson effects

Intense 3371‐Å laser emission from a fast Blumlein discharge excited N2/F2 mixture

Shin Sumida, Minoru Obara, and Tomoo Fujioka

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 31 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90587 (2 pages) | Cited 7 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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By adding a small quantity of F2, the 3371‐Å (C3πu→B3πg second positive system) N2 laser energy in the fast Blumlein discharge was increased 30% over that for N2 alone. This value was obtained for a gas mixture of 4% added F2 and 96% N2 at a total pressure of 120 Torr.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
52.80.-s Electric discharges

Long‐life operation of an XeCl excimer laser

L. Burlamacchi, P. Burlamacchi, and R. Salimbeni

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 33 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90588 (3 pages) | Cited 8 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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An experimental investigation of the performance of an XeCl excimer laser operating with moelcular traps is reported. The effects of cold traps, active carbon, and molecular sieves on the lasing gas mixture has been tested in order to selectively remove contaminant reaction products which quence laser action. Best results have been obtained by using a 3‐Å molecular sieve directly inserted into the laser chamber. More than 180 000 shots have been obtained after 5 h of 10‐Hz laser operation with a single refill before the output power decayed to one‐half the initial value.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques

Low‐loss propagation and polarization rotation in twisted infrared metal waveguides

E. Garmire, T. McMahon, and M. Bass

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 35 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90589 (3 pages) | Cited 1 time

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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Low‐loss propagation of 10.6‐μm light has been demonstrated in hollow metal waveguides of rectangular cross section that undergo axial twists. These twisted waveguides can serve as efficient infrared polarization rotators, where greater than 90% transmission has been achieved at 10.6 μm for a 90° rotation. In addition, transmission of more than 200 W cw through flexible waveguides is reported here, confirming that these waveguides are potentially useful for steering high‐power infrared light beams.
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42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.62.-b Laser applications

A two‐junction cascade solar‐cell structure

S. M. Bedair, M. F. Lamorte, and J. R. Hauser

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 38 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90576 (2 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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A two‐junction cascade solar‐cell structure has been demonstrated in the AlGaAs/GaAs materials system. The cell consists of two p‐n junctions with different band gaps monolithically connected in series by means of a low‐resistance p‐n junction. An open‐circuit voltage of 2.0 V has been observed for this cascade structure. This is the highest open‐circuit voltage that has been reported for a single monolithic photovoltaic cell.
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72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
81.15.Lm Liquid phase epitaxy; deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids)

Efficient operation of a 100‐W transverse‐flow oxygen‐iodine chemical laser

D. J. Benard, W. C. McDermott, N. R. Pchelkin, and R. R. Bousek

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 40 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90590 (2 pages) | Cited 72 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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Efficient extraction of chemically generated O2(1Δ) energy has been obtained in a trasverse‐flow oxygen‐iodine laser. The measured power extraction efficiency with off‐optimal outcoupling was 15%. Output powers in excess of 100 W were obtained for periods of up to 3 min.
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42.55.Ks Chemical lasers
78.60.Ps Chemiluminescence
82.30.Hk Chemical exchanges (substitution, atom transfer, abstraction, disproportionation, and group exchange)

Microstructure dependence of the optical properties of solar‐absorbing black chrome

A. Ignatiev, P. O’Neill, C. Doland, and G. Zajac

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 42 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90591 (3 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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The surface microstructure and chemical constituency of solar‐absorbing black chrome films have been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and sputter depth‐profiling techniques. The films have been determined to consist of a top layer of small (∼400 Å) Cr2O3 particles with one or two sublayers of larger (∼1000 Å) closely packed chromium particles. In addition, it has been shown that the optical response of the particulate black chrome films is significantly determined by the microstructure of the films.
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78.66.-w Optical properties of specific thin films
78.67.-n Optical properties of low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale materials and structures
84.60.Ve Energy storage systems, including capacitor banks

Experiments on optically pumped three‐level dimer lasers

B. Wellegehausen and H. H. Heitmann

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 44 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90592 (4 pages) | Cited 16 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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Stable unidirectional ring laser oscillation of optically pumped dimer molecules is reported. In the case of Na2, single‐frequency output powers up to 200 mW tunable over a range of 4 GHz were obtained. By means of oscillator amplifier systems the forward‐backward amplification profiles and the level splitting due to the dynamic Stark effect were measured.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
33.90.+h Other topics in molecular properties and interactions with photons (restricted to new topics in section 33)

Explanation for low‐efficiency Cu2O Schottky‐barrier solar cells

L. C. Olsen, R. C. Bohara, and M. W. Urie

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 47 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90593 (3 pages) | Cited 35 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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Surface analyses combined with barrier‐height studies indicate that Cu2O Schottky barriers made with low‐work‐function metals (Yb, Mg, and Mn) are essentially Cu/Cu2O cells due to reduction of the Cu2O surface and subsequent interdiffusion phenomena. The copper‐rich region essentially determines the barrier height. As a result, efficiencies of Cu2O Schottky‐barrier solar cells are usually less than 1%. It is concluded that to achieve significant increases in Cu2O cell efficiencies, MIS or heterojunction device structures must be utilized.
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72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion

Backside‐illuminated HgCdTe/CdTe photodiodes

M. Lanir, C. C. Wang, and A. H. B. Vanderwyck

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 50 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90595 (3 pages) | Cited 14 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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This letter reports the first realization of backside‐illuminated HgCdTe/CdTe photodiodes prepared by a liquid‐phase‐epitaxy technique. The thermal noise of these diodes is lower than that of bulk HgCdTe diodes fabricated under otherwise similar conditions. This is explained by an analytical model based on material parameters and the geometry of n+‐p diodes.
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72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects
85.60.Gz Photodetectors (including infrared and CCD detectors)
85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization, design, and modeling

The role of the C state in the XeF laser

T. G. Finn, L. J. Palumbo, and L. F. Champagne

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 52 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90596 (4 pages) | Cited 12 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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Ne/Xe/NF3 mixtures were irradiated by a cold‐cathode e‐beam, and the fluorescence yields of the B and C states of XeF were measured as a function of neon pressure from 200 to 5300 Torr. At low neon pressures, the fluorescence yield of the B state corresponds to one photon emitted for each neon ion formed. As the neon pressure is increased the fluorescence yield of the B state decreases, but the ratio of the C emission to B emission approaches unity. If the C is formed through a channel which is independent of the B state, then the ultimate efficiency of the XeF laser is severely limited. However, analysis of the data with a XeF kinetics model indicates that the enhanced C emission results from two‐body quenching of the B state by neon. We conclude that the XeF laser performance has been limited by other processes, namely, incomplete vibrational relaxation and ground‐state bottlenecking.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
82.20.Wt Computational modeling; simulation
33.50.Dq Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra

Quantitative energy extraction measurements in a photoionization‐stabilized self‐sustained XeF laser

C. M. Lee, V. Hasson, P. D. Rowley, and R. Exberger

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 56 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90603 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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Detailed time‐correlated gain, flourescence, and laser energy measurements were used to obtain quantitative data on energy extraction efficiencies for a photoionization‐stabilized self‐sustained XeF laser. A current pulse of 25 ns full width at half‐maximum produced an 80‐cm3 XeF plasma in NF3 : Xe : He gas mixtures with a maximum output energy of 80 mJ. The results show that the maximum small‐signal gain and the maximum specific output energy is proportional to the NF3 content of the gas mixture. This suggests that there is an optimum fractional utilization of the NF3 molecules in the discharge. Under high‐gain conditions, 30–40% of the energy stored in XeF∗ can be extracted in a gain‐switched pulse. The output energy represents less than 1% of the input energy.
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42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
52.80.Hc Glow; corona

Stimulated electronic Raman scatterng from the 6s 2S1/2 to the 5d 2D5/2 state of cesium

R. T. Hodgson

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 58 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90604 (3 pages) | Cited 3 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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The Raman transition 6s 2S1/2‐5d 2D5/2 in atomic cesium was stimulated to emit at 2.38 μ by light at 532 nm from a frequency‐doubled Nd : YAG laser. With 2 mJ energy in a 10‐ns single‐mode pulse of green light, a quantum efficiency of 7% for conversion to the infrared light was measured. No tunable infrared stimulated Raman emission could be generated with as much as 7 mJ energy from a multimode dye laser tuned around 601 nm.
Show PACS
42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation

Electric field tuning of second‐harmonic generation in a three‐dimensional LiNbO3 optical waveguide

Naoshi Uesugi, Kazuhiro Daikoku, and Katsutoshi Kubota

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 60 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90558 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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Electric‐field‐tuning characteristics of second‐harmonic generation in a three‐dimensional Ti in‐diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguide are reported. It is experimentally revealed that the phase‐matching condition for second‐harmonic generation can be achieved with low voltage applied across electrodes. For the present optical waveguide, a 1 °C temperature change is equivalent to about 13 V in phase matching, which agrees well with the calculated value. Rapid tuning or switching of parametric interactions in the LiNbO3 waveguide is expected with a low applied voltage.
Show PACS
42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
78.20.Jq Electro-optical effects
42.82.-m Integrated optics

Self‐contained integrated bistable optical devices

P. W. Smith, I. P. Kaminow, P. J. Maloney, and L. W. Stulz

Appl. Phys. Lett. 34, 62 (1979); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.90559 (4 pages) | Cited 20 times

Online Publication Date: 7 August 2008

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We have built self‐contained bistable optical devices using integrated Fabry‐Perot resonators formed by attaching dielectric mirrors to the cleaved ends of a LiNbO3 substrate containing a Ti in‐diffused waveguide modulator. Feedback from a novel composite photovoltaic detector which samples the output beam is applied to the modulator electrodes. We also describe an off‐axis extraordinary wave resonator which permits low‐energy operation. These integrated bistable devices operate solely with optical inputs and outputs; no source of electrical energy is required.
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42.82.-m Integrated optics
42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers
42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
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