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15 May 1983

Volume 42, Issue 10, pp. 845-914

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Measurement of virtual crossover in liquid gallium ion source

Masanori Komuro, Toshihiko Kanayama, Hiroshi Hiroshima, and Hisao Tanoue

Appl. Phys. Lett. 42, 908 (1983); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.93784 (3 pages) | Cited 13 times

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Gallium ion probes of 50 keV obtained from a liquid metal ion source are recorded on silicon and gallium arsenide substrates by using the method of ion bombardment enhanced etching. The minimum linewidth obtained in line exposures is about 20 nm for both substrates which corresponds to the lateral spread of the implanted ions. For a specified value of the lens acceptance half‐angle, the line dose varies as a square function of the linewidth, which means that the distribution of the current density in the focused beam is Gaussian. From the theoretical evaluation of the full widths at half‐maximum of these distributions, the virtual crossover diameter of the source is estimated to be 40–45 nm independently of the emission current ranging from 4 to 12 μA, and of the value of the needle apex radius of the source in the range 1–3 μm.
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29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized
29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative
79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption
07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors
79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam impact and interactions with surfaces

Viologen‐based electrochromic light scattering display

D. J. Barclay, B. F. Dowden, A. C. Lowe, and J. C. Wood

Appl. Phys. Lett. 42, 911 (1983); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.93785 (3 pages) | Cited 5 times

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In conventional viologen‐based electrochromic displays, contrast changes are achieved by modulating light using the optical absorbance of the electrodeposited film. A display technique is described which uses instead the light scattering properties of the same film to produce intensity variations. Under practical conditions, contrast ratios of 60:1 can be achieved by electrodepositing 1 mC cm−2 of the n‐heptyl viologen cation radical with a 1‐ms current pulse. The display also has memory and is compatible with integrated drive schemes.
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85.60.Pg Display systems
82.45.-h Electrochemistry and electrophoresis
78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering; other light scattering
82.70.Dd Colloids
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Erratum: Picosecond carrier dynamics in optically illuminated glow discharge hydrogenated amorphous silicon [Appl. Phys. Lett. 42, 79 (1983)]

Shuji Komuro, Yoshinobu Aoyagi, Yusaburo Segawa, Susumu Namba, Akio Masuyama, Hiroaki Okamoto, and Yoshihiro Hamakawa

Appl. Phys. Lett. 42, 914 (1983); http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.94111 (1 page)

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Abstract Unavailable
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72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping
72.80.Ng Disordered solids
42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
84.60.Jt Photoelectric conversion
99.10.Cd Errata
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